Context and Category Estimation

The general aim of this study was to create a comparative scale of different types of pain through different psychophysical methods and different samples. The psychophysical methods used were magnitude estimation and category estimation. The participants were 30 patients from different outpatient clinics, 30 physicians and 30 nurses. The results were: 1) cancer pain, myocardial infarction pain, renal colic, burn-injury pain, and labor pain were considered more intense, regardless of the psychophysical method used or sample studied; 2) The ranking of different pain intensities, comparing the different psychophysical methods used, resulted in significant agreement levels with Kendal values close to 1.00; 3) There were divergences in the perception of the intensities of some types of pain. These divergences were especially observed between professionals and patients.

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(GE/m**3). According to this definition one odour unit is the amount of odorants in one cubic meter of air at odour thres hold level. The new definition is a real concentration and gives a better form of input parameter for dispersion models. On the basis of guideline VDI 3881 parts 1, 2, and 3 ringtests were carried out with different odorants. The results can be summerized as follows: -The dispersion of results varies and depends on the compo sition of the participants and on problems of sampling and preparation of odorous sample. Lower dispersion is obtained when results with obvious errors in application of guide lines or with large deviations from mean value are excluded. -Participants of the Netherlands get systematically lower threshold values than the others. The reason has to be investigated. -All findings of the ringtests lead to the conclusion that it is possible to determine odour thresholds which do not differ by more than factor 10. At present another ringtest is in preparation. This test will be carried out in summer 1985. The French collegues will also participate in this test. Experience of all ringtests will be reported in part 4 of guideline VDI 3881. Guideline VDI 3882 deals with the determination of odour intensity and hedonic tone. The members of the working group "odorous substances" assume that odour threshold and odour concentration are insufficient for the characterization of odorous perception. They recommend to judge the odour inten sity and the hedonic tone by category estimation. Moreover, it is their opinion that the odour determination with olfacto meters is not suitable to assess odour in ambient air. There fore they are preparing two guidelines dealing with these problems. Guideline VDI 3883 gives instructions on the regis tration of nuisance by interviews with nearby residents of emitting plants or inhabitants of industrial areas. Addition ally guideline VDI 3940 describes the determination of odour in ambient air by inspection panels based on the following idea: During constant conditions as to the class of weather, wind speed, and wind direction each local point is charac terized by a frequency of odour perception representing the probability to perceive an odour. The situation at a local point will be have to determine the portion of a year with a frequency of odorous perception greater than 5 % in a random test. Both guidelines, VDI 3882 and 3940, should give corres ponding results. Guideline VDI 3781 part 5 completes the complex of odour determination and judgement with the calculation of disper sion models. The calculation methode and odour determination by panelists should give comparable results. The following summery can be given. Odour measurements with olfactometers is only a small part of the whole field of odour determination in ambient air and the measurement of odour nuisance must be approached in the near future with appropriate urgency.

Odour Prevention and Control of Organic Sludge and Livestock Farming ◽

10.1201/9781482286311-30 ◽

1986 ◽

pp. 76-94

Keyword(s):

Input Parameter ◽

Ambient Air ◽

Mean Value ◽

Hedonic Tone ◽

Local Point ◽

Odour Threshold ◽

Real Concentration ◽

Category Estimation ◽

Near Future

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Iterative Techniques for Unbiased Rating Scales

Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology ◽

10.1080/17470216508416423 ◽

1965 ◽

Vol 17 (2) ◽

pp. 139-148 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Irwin Pollack

Keyword(s):

Rating Scales ◽

Ordered Set ◽

Measurement Properties ◽

Category Rating ◽

Stable Category ◽

Iterative Techniques ◽

Category Scaling ◽

Category Estimation

Three iterative techniques for neutralizing the effects of stimulus bias in category rating experiments were examined with a wide variety of stimulus variables. Under all conditions examined, the iterative techniques quickly led to a stable category estimation. This result was obtained for stimulus variables with strong measurement properties, e.g. length and weight; for stimulus variables with only ordinal properties, e.g. emery papers; and for stimulus variables with only nominal properties, where an ordered set is obtained only in the course of the category scaling, e.g. female profiles.

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Social Class—Sex Contrasts in Patterns of Cognitive Style

Australian Journal of Education ◽

10.1177/000494417702100303 ◽

1977 ◽

Vol 21 (3) ◽

pp. 233-255 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Millicent E. Poole

Keyword(s):

Social Class ◽

Middle Class ◽

Working Class ◽

Cognitive Style ◽

Intellectual Functioning ◽

Socialization Theory ◽

Marked Preference ◽

Category Estimation ◽

Psychological Concepts

Ninety-six adolescents, aged between fifteen and sixteen, and drawn from contrasted social class and sex groups, were administered a battery of cognitive style tests. It was hypothesized, largely on the basis of socialization theory, that different patterns of intellectual functioning would be apparent. The results indicated that middle-class boys exhibited a cognitive style that was differentiating, analytic and flexible; middle-class girls one that was creative, inferential, high on psychological concepts but low on category estimation; working-class boys and girls displayed little differentiation, categorizing flexibility, or creativity but revealed a marked preference for inferential and physical concepts.

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Pain from the life cycle perspective: Evaluation and Measurement through psychophysical methods of category estimation and magnitude estimation

Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem ◽

10.1590/1518-8345t.0714.2769 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 24 (0) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Fátima Aparecida Emm Faleiros Sousa ◽

Talita de Cássia Raminelli da Silva ◽

Hilze Benigno de Oliveira Moura Siqueira ◽

Simone Saltareli ◽

Rodrigo Ramon Falconi Gomez ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chronic Pain ◽

Life Cycle ◽

Magnitude Estimation ◽

Acute Pain ◽

Estimation Method ◽

Pain Evaluation ◽

Life Cycle Perspective ◽

Category Estimation ◽

Magnitude Estimation Method ◽

Reliable Scale

Abstract Objective: to describe acute and chronic pain from the perspective of the life cycle. Methods: participants: 861 people in pain. The Multidimensional Pain Evaluation Scale (MPES) was used. Results: in the category estimation method the highest descriptors of chronic pain for children/ adolescents were "Annoying" and for adults "Uncomfortable". The highest descriptors of acute pain for children/adolescents was "Complicated"; and for adults was "Unbearable". In magnitude estimation method, the highest descriptors of chronic pain was "Desperate" and for descriptors of acute pain was "Terrible". Conclusions: the MPES is a reliable scale it can be applied during different stages of development.

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