EXPRESS: Playful Work Design: Conceptualization, Measurement, and Validity

Drawing on the play and work design literatures, we conceptualize and validate an instrument to measure playful work design (PWD) – the proactive cognitive-behavioral orientation that employees engage in to incorporate play into their work activities to promote fun and challenge. Across three studies (N=1006), we developed a reliable scale with a two-dimensional factor structure. In Study 1, we utilized expert-ratings and iterative exploratory factor analyses to develop an instrument that measures (1) designing fun and (2) designing competition. Additionally, Study 1 evidences the divergent and convergent validity of the subscales as well as their distinctiveness. Specifically, PWD was indicative of proactivity as well as play, and designing fun especially correlated with ludic traits (i.e., traits focused on deriving fun; e.g., humor), whereas designing competition particularly correlated with agonistic traits (i.e., traits focused on deriving challenge; e.g., competitiveness). Study 2 cross-validated the two-factor structure, further investigated the nomological net of PWD, and revealed that PWD is distinct from job crafting. Finally, Study 3 examined the predictive and incremental validity of the PWD instrument with self- and colleague-ratings two weeks apart. Taken together, the results suggest that the instrument may advance our understanding of play initiated by employees during work.

Defensive Medicine Practices: Scale Development and Validation

Aim Defensive medicine refers to practices with low marginal benefit to patients that doctors may undertake to protect themselves from legal liability. We aimed to develop a scale to measure the practice of defensive medicine. Method We identified aspects of defensive medicine previously reported in the literature and conducted and analyzed semi-structured interviews with 21 physicians in Sakarya to augment and clarify these aspects between May 15, 2018, and June 15, 2018. Informed by these results, we developed, pilot tested, refined, and fielded a 10-item survey to 1724 doctors in Turkey between April 1, 2019, and July 16, 2019. We examined the psychometric properties of the scale using exploratory (EFA) and confirmatory factor analyses (CFA). Results The 10-item scale provided measures of 2 factors: positive defensive medicine (assurance) and negative defensive medicine (avoidance), with Cronbach’s alpha >0.8 for the scale and both subscales in both the EFA and CFA subsamples and excellent goodness-of-fit measures. Conclusions We developed a highly reliable scale to measure positive and negative defensive medicine practice that may be suitable for future research on physician decision making.

The validity and the reliability of freiburg mindfulness inventory to Turkish

Mindfulness is being here and now emotionally and intellectually. It has a philosophical root directing individuals to a moral life. Although mindfulness has become a popular concept in Turkey, few scales were tested in terms of their validity to Turkish context. The aim of the study is to adapt Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory (FMI) into Turkish and measure the validity and the reliability of the scale. Data for this study came from 302 (169 female and 116 male) white-collar employees working in Istanbul. The scale was translated by the authors and checked by a group of academics who have a theoretical knowledge about the concept. Validity was tested in terms of criterion-related and construct validity; reliability was assessed by internal consistency measure. Results revealed that FMI is a valid and reliable scale for Turkish business context. Keywords: Mindfulness, Freiburg. Mindfulness Inventory, validity, Turkish

Inclusive Leadership of School Management from the View of Families: Construction and Validation of LEI-Q

The purpose of this study was to validate a questionnaire aimed at assessing, from the point of view of families, the degree to which school administrations foster inclusion in compulsory education. In order to determine the psychometric properties of the “Cuestionario liderando la educación inclusiva en centros de educación obligatoria-Familias” [Leading inclusive education in compulsory-education schools Questionnaire] (LEI-Q-Families), we carried out descriptive, exploratory, and confirmatory factor analysis. For the sample used in this study, 150 families participated. The results confirmed that it is a valid and reliable scale with a two-factor structure. One of these factors included the initiatives carried out by the school management teams to enhance the openness of each school to the community and the surrounding area. The second factor encompassed actions aimed at promoting participation in the school and turning it into an inclusive space. LEI-Q-Families proved to be an instrument of great theoretical and practical worth that has made it possible to expand our currently slender knowledge on the perceptions families have of the work done by school managers to encourage inclusion in their institutions. It facilitates family participation in processes of improvement and provides a useful self-assessment tool for school administrations that wish to improve their schools and turn them into inclusive environments.

Effects on Heart Rate Variability of Stress Level Responses to the Properties of Indoor Environmental Colors: A Preliminary Study

Color is the most potent stimulating factor affecting human vision, and the environmental color of an indoor space is a spatial component that affects the environmental stress level. As one of the methods of assessing the physiological response of the autonomic nervous system that influences stress, heart rate variability (HRV) has been utilized as a tool for measuring the user’s stress response in color environments. This study aims to identify the effects of the changes of hue, brightness, and saturation in environmental colors on the HRV of two groups with different stress levels—the stress potential group (n = 15) and the healthy group (n = 12)—based on their stress level indicated by the Psychosocial Well-being Index (PWI). The ln(LF), ln(HF), and RMSSD values collected during the subjects’ exposure to 12 environments colors of red and yellow with adjusted saturation and brightness, were statistically analyzed using t-test and two-way ANOVA. The results show that the HRV values in the two groups did not significantly vary in response to the changes in hue, brightness and saturation. The two groups’ stress factors distinguished according to the stress levels by the PWI scale affected the In(LF) parameter, which demonstrates that the PWI index can be utilized as a reliable scale for measuring stress levels. The ultra-short HRV measurement record and the use of a sole In(LF) parameter for stress assessment are regarded as the limitations of this study.

Customer Loyalty Scale in Sports Centers (Clssport)

Background: Which was developed to determine the behaviors of loyalty, its sub-dimensions and their levels in people who receive services from the sports industry, will provide guidance to managers of sports centers for service provision, while increasing the awareness of the customers to shape their demands. Aim: The aim of the study is to develop a scale to determine the customer loyalty levels of customers receiving service from sports centers serving in the public or private sector. Methods: The research was designed as an original study in the general screening model. Results: KMO= 0.784 and Barlett test χ2 = 6235,211 (p <.001) were conducted to test the suitability of the data for factor analysis. It was determined that the item factor loads of the scale ranged between 0.35 and 0.82. As a result of the exploratory factor analysis, a structure with 40 items and three factors that explained 67.12% of the total variance was obtained. It was concluded that the correlation values (.191- .311) between the sub-dimensions were appropriate, and the fit indices of the scale were significant (X2=726,66 sd=408, p=.00, X2/sd=1.78). Conclusion: In the light of the analyses made and the findings obtained, it was concluded that the CLSSC is a valid and reliable scale that can determine the level of customer loyalty among receiving service from sports centers. Keywords: sports industry, sports marketing, customer loyalty, sports center, scale

THE EFFECT OF PUBLIC POLICY ON THE DEMAND FOR HIGHER EDUCATION IN PAKISTAN: CASE OF COVID-19

Purpose of the study: This research was conducted in the peak days of the Covid-19 pandemic. The intention was to know the effect of public policy of online classes on demand for higher studies. Methodology: The data was collected online through Google forms via direct requests in different students groups. The probability that a student will continue studies if online classes were continued was the dependent variable and hence a "1" response and a "0" response otherwise, so logistic regression was applied. Main Findings: If there is a preparedness problem for online classes, there would be a decrease in another admission, while ease of adaptability will increase admissions. A unit increase in tuition fees significantly negatively affects the probability of admissions in the online system. A male student, a day scholar student, has more probability of continuing studies in the online system. Applications of this study: This study is very fruitful in devising educational policy and government guidance. Online classes were a new thing for the majority of the students and institutions, and our results can be of great help in the future course of action. Novelty/Originality of this study: The study developed a perceptive questionnaire about online classes, and it was found to be reliable based on Cronbach alpha value of .82. We run Principal Component Analysis on a reliable scale and three components were extracted in the process i.e. ease of adaptability, system-related and preparedness problem.

released Elementary School Teachers' Views Scale on the Using Zoom in Compulsory Distance Education During the Pandemic: Psychometric Properties

Just as important phenomena such as natural disasters, conflicts and pandemics have effects on people's lives, new technologies also have impacts on people's lives and lifestyles. As a part of COVID-19, many countries have been forced to practice distance education at almost all educational levels. The pandemic of COVID-19 inspired educators to schedule for online learning. To help students learn, educators have used a range of online synchronous meeting technologies (SMTs). Zoom is a widely used, immersive, and easy-to-use SMT. In order to integrate Zoom application effectively which has started to be used in many countries and at all levels of education, it is essential to determine the teachers' thoughts and attitudes about using Zoom in the distance education process. To assess teachers' views, a valid and reliable measuring tool is needed. This research sought to create a valid and reliable scale that would assess teachers' views on the use of Zoom in distance education based on this need. The scale validity and reliability analysis have used for content validity, EFA, CFA, Cronbach alpha, and Composite reliability. According to the study's findings the scale is valid and reliable. Future researchers will be able to apply the developed scale in our study, to teachers working at various educational levels. Furthermore, the scale can be adapted for teachers serving in a variety of countries and cultures.