A Turning Point for the Middle East?

2016 ◽  
pp. 75-122
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Turning Point

Muslim Trade and City Growth Before the Nineteenth Century: Comparative Urbanization in Europe, the Middle East and Central Asia

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Blaydes ◽  
Christopher Paik
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
New World ◽  
Turning Point ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Trade Routes ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Run Up ◽  
Alternative Routes

AbstractScholars have long sought to understand when and why the Middle East fell behind Europe in its economic development. This article explores the importance of historical Muslim trade in explaining urban growth and decline in the run-up to the Industrial Revolution. The authors examine Eurasian urbanization patterns as a function of distance to Middle Eastern trade routes before and after 1500 CE – the turning point in European breakthroughs in seafaring, trade and exploration. The results suggest that proximity to historical Muslim trade routes was positively associated with urbanization in 1200 but not in 1800. These findings speak to why Middle Eastern and Central Asian cities – which had long benefited from their central location between Europe and Asia – declined as Europeans found alternative routes to the East and opened trade opportunities in the New World.

The Soviets, their successors and the Middle East: turning point

1994 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 375-376
Author(s):  
Ziba Moshaver
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Turning Point

scholarly journals The Kuwait Crisis of 1990–1991: The Turning Point in India’s Middle East Policy

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-87
Author(s):  
Md Muddassir Quamar ◽  
P. R. Kumaraswamy
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Turning Point ◽  
Arab World ◽  
Gulf Region ◽  
Post Cold War ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Prime Concern ◽  
The Persian Gulf ◽  
Middle East Policy

The Iraqi invasion, occupation, and annexation of Kuwait in August 1990 exposed the soft underbelly of India’s policy toward the Middle East in general and the Persian Gulf region in particular. While safe evacuation of the Indian workers was a prime concern, some of the steps in that direction proved counterproductive. However, in the long run, the Kuwait crisis resulted in India making two critical steps that shaped its post-Cold War policy toward the region: diminishing influence of the Palestinian cause in its engagements with the Arab world and economic substance replacing political rhetoric.

The Thomas Cook Archive for the Study of Tourism in North Africa and the Middle East

2003 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Robert Hunter
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
North Africa ◽  
Turning Point ◽  
Historical Study ◽  
Colonial Expansion ◽  
Almost Everywhere ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Middle East History

As one of the greatest and fastest-growing industries of our time, one with significant impacts upon societies and economies almost everywhere, tourism (mass travel for pleasure and recreation) merits serious historical study. In the Middle East and North Africa, the turning point in travel for trade, exploration, adventure, and religious inspiration to travel primarily for leisure occurred in Egypt and Syria/Palestine during the 1880s. Tourism, however, is not only intrinsically important. Its origins and development also shed light upon the great themes of Middle East history: (1) modernization (the introduction of Western techniques, methods and materials), and (2) colonial expansion and empire.

Introduction

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Heller
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Turning Point ◽  
Balance Of Power ◽  
Military Aid ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Cold War

The strategic importance of the Middle East dictated Israel’s fate in the cold war. While the USSR supported the inimical Arab attitude towards Israel, the US limited its support to Israel to economic military aid. The USSR not only regarded the Arabs as a cold war asset, it accused Israel of being part and parcel of western alliances. The turning point in Soviet-Israeli relations was the Czech-Egyptian arms deal (1955) which changed the balance of power. The Suez war exemplified the explosive situation in the region, and Israel’s shaky position vis-a-vis the the Soviet Union. The combination of strategic weakness and constant Arab hatred put Israel continually on the brink of war. The eruption of another war was on the horizon immediately following the Sinai campaign.

The United States and Pakistan’s Nuclear Weapons Program, 1975–1990

2019 ◽  
pp. 112-159
Author(s):  
Jeffrey W. Taliaferro
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Middle East ◽  
South Asia ◽  
Nuclear Weapons ◽  
Turning Point ◽  
The United States ◽  
Military Assistance

Chapter 4 examines the proliferation dispute between the United States and Pakistan. As with the Middle East, averting containment failure in South Asia was the overriding aim of the Ford, Carter, and Reagan administrations. Slowing or halting the clandestine Pakistani nuclear weapons program was always a subordinate goal. The Soviet Union’s invasion of Afghanistan in 1979 was the turning point. Chapter 4 examines the oscillations in US nonproliferation policies toward Pakistan, from the Ford administration’s offer of advanced fighters for nuclear restraint in 1975–1976, to the Carter administration’s imposition of sanctions in early1979, to the Reagan administration’s provision of a $1.4 billion foreign military assistance package and efforts to circumvent nonproliferation legislation in exchange for Pakistani dictator General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq’s pledge not to cross four nuclear “red lines” from 1981 to 1988, to the George H. W. Bush administration’s resumption of sanctions after the Soviet pullout from Afghanistan in 1990.

The Price Revolution of the Sixteenth Century: A Turning Point in the Economic History of the Near East

1975 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ömer Lutfi Barkan ◽  
Justin McCarthy
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Economic History ◽  
Turning Point ◽  
Near East ◽  
Turkish Population ◽  
Social Crisis ◽  
History Of

The sixteenth century came to an end with the countries of the Ottoman Middle East falling into a grave economic and social crisis which presaged a decisive turning point in their history. The most symptomatic sign of what was, in fact, a structural crisis was a series of popular revolts which appeared most prominently among the Muslim Turkish population of Anatolia. Known as the Celali revolts, these uprisings developed into open civil war against the forces of the Ottoman state, and in their first phase lasted approximately fifteen years, from 1595 to 1610.

The Establishment of the Apostolic Delegation to Palestine, Cyprus, and Transjordan (1929): Cause or Effect of Changes in Vatican Middle East Policy?

2018 ◽  
Vol 87 (3) ◽  
pp. 797-822
Author(s):  
Paolo Zanini
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Turning Point ◽  
British Mandate ◽  
Near Eastern ◽  
Holy See ◽  
Political Situation ◽  
Cause And Effect ◽  
Middle East Policy ◽  
Important Shift

This essay brings to light how the establishment of the Apostolic Delegation to Palestine, Cyprus, and Transjordan (1929) marked a turning point in the Catholic presence in Palestine during the period of the British Mandate. Based on several unexplored archival sources, this paper analyzes the factors driving the creation of the new Apostolic Delegation and the consequences it produced in the Holy See's Middle and Near Eastern policies. The difficult relationship among various Catholic institutions in Palestine and the necessity to adapt the Catholic presence in that region to the new political situation caused the Vatican to send an apostolic visitor (1925) and then to establish direct representation of the Holy See in Jerusalem (1929). This last decision contributed to sounder relations with the British administration and functioned to limit the involvement of European Catholic powers (primarily France and Italy) in church affairs. At the same time, it highlighted the Vatican's will to reinforce the role of the Christian Arab clergy in Palestine while limiting that of European missionaries. This analysis creates a clearer picture of how the establishment of the Apostolic Delegation to Palestine, Cyprus, and Transjordan was at the same time the cause and effect of an important shift in the Catholic perception of Palestine.

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