scholarly journals Review of Fluoride Removal Appropriate Technology for Securing Safe Drinking Water in Africa

2021 ◽  
Vol 43 (12) ◽  
pp. 689-699
Author(s):  
Younghan Yoon ◽  
Jae-Hyeoung Park
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Appropriate Technology ◽  
Fluoride Removal ◽  
Safe Drinking Water ◽  
Human Right ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Technology Application ◽  
Emerging And Developing Countries

Making and securing safe drinking water is considered as the most important element and human right for sustainable human life. However, many countries in Africa still have low access to safe water, and in particular, fluorosis symptoms are severe from the people of Africa where there is a lot of groundwater and surface water contaminated with fluoride due to the geological natures. Fluoride is a colorless, tasteless, and odorless element with very strong reactivity and is emitted from the cleaning process of semiconductors and the fertilizer manufacturing industries. Various technologies such as chemical coagulation/precipitation, electrochemical method, ion exchange, separation membrane technology, nanotechnology, and adsorption may be proposed as a technology for removing fluoride for securing safe drinking water. The strengths and weaknesses of each element technology and recent research cases were investigated and analyzed, and an appropriate technology application plan for the sustainable development of emerging and developing countries in Africa was presented. Efficiency of fluoride removal may be important to secure drinking water for developing countries in Africa, but it is necessary to consider the local economic situation and cultural background first for sustainability of the applied technology. Therefore, animal bone-based adsorption process is advantageous in terms of sustainability and can be proposed as a fluoride removal technology suitable for the developing countries in Africa.

Fluoride removal from aqueous solution by Ca-pretreated macrophyte biomass

2008 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia Miretzky ◽  
Carolina Muñoz ◽  
Alejandro Carrillo-Chávez
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solution ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Sorption Capacity ◽  
Aquatic Macrophyte ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Isotherm Models ◽  
Fluoride Removal ◽  
Natural Material ◽  
Macrophyte Biomass

Environmental context. Fluoride concentrations in drinking water above 1.5 mg L–1 may be detrimental to human health. Many methods have been developed for removing excessive fluoride from drinking water. The use of an aquatic macrophyte biomass (Eleocharis acicularis) pretreated with Ca2+, a low-cost natural material, could be a technique for rural populations in developing countries that cannot afford treated or bottled water for daily consumption. Abstract. The use of an aquatic macrophyte biomass (Eleocharis acicularis) pretreated with Ca2+ as a low-cost natural material for the removal of fluoride from aqueous solution was studied. Batch experiments were carried out to determine fluoride sorption capacity and the efficiency of the sorption process under different pH, initial F– and macrophyte biomass doses. The experimental data showed good fitting to Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. The maximum F adsorption capacity was 0.110 mmol g–1 with an efficiency of 64.5% (pH 6.0; 5.0 g L–1 Ca-pretreated biomass). The binding of Ca2+ to the biomass increased the removal efficiency over 100%. The F– removal kinetics were rapid, less than 30 min, and best described by the pseudo-second order rate model. The rate constant, the initial sorption rate and the equilibrium sorption capacity were determined. These results may be useful for deprived rural population water supply schemes in Mexico and in other developing countries.

Fluoride removal from drinking water in Senegal: laboratory and pilot experimentation on bone char-based treatment

2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 213-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabrina Sorlini ◽  
Daniela Palazzini ◽  
Carlo Collivignarelli
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Dental Fluorosis ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Fluoride Concentration ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Appropriate Technology ◽  
World Health ◽  
Fluoride Removal ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Bone Char

In Senegal there are four regions where fluoride concentration in drinking water exceeds the World Health Organization guide value of 1.5 mg/L. This generates permanent damages to the teeth (dental fluorosis) and to the skeleton (skeletal fluorosis). A safe, efficient, simple and low-cost effective defluoridation technique is not available yet and needs to be developed in order to prevent the occurrence of fluorosis. This experimental research was carried out in order to define an appropriate technology for fluoride removal from groundwater in Senegal. Batch tests and filtration tests at laboratory and pilot scale were carried out using animal bone char as adsorbent material for fluoride removal. Possible influencing parameters, such as specific ions in Senegalese drinking water, were investigated and the best process conditions were defined for the application in Senegal. The results attest to the efficacy of bone char in removing fluoride from Senegalese water: at pilot scale the mean specific adsorption was 2.7 mg F−/g of bone char, corresponding to a total treated volume of 4,000 L and a filter life of nearly three months.

Reduction of MS2 bacteriophage and rotavirus in biosand filters

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 483-491 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanting Wang ◽  
Mingming Li ◽  
Kazami Brockman ◽  
Thanh H. Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Safe Drinking Water ◽  
Ms2 Bacteriophage ◽  
Biosand Filter ◽  
Biosand Filters

Biosand filter can potentially remove up 99.99% of rotavirus to provide safe drinking water to communities in developing countries.

Bacteria removal effectiveness of ceramic pot filters not applied with colloidal silver

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 765-772 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. N. Clark ◽  
A. C. Elmore
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Colloidal Silver ◽  
Safe Drinking Water ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Log Reduction ◽  
Many Sources ◽  
Bacteria Removal

In many developing countries such as Guatemala, access to safe drinking water is very limited. Many sources of water that are available are contaminated with bacteria, particularly Escherichia coli and other coliform bacteria. In order to provide a means of obtaining safe drinking water in developing countries, various methods of treating water at the household level have been developed and implemented throughout the world. One of the more promising treatment mechanisms is the ceramic pot filter, which is typically applied with colloidal silver because of it supposed disinfection purposes. During this study, the bacteria removal effectiveness of 30 filters without colloidal silver was determined by adding water contaminated with Escherichia coli to the filters, and then measuring bacteria concentrations in the filter effluent. The average log reduction values of E. coli and total coliforms determined in this study are 2.1 and 2.3, respectively, and are comparable to other studies of bacteria removal of CPFs. This situation suggests that colloidal silver may indeed not be necessary for the filters to effectively remove bacteria from source water. This study was completed in a period of two weeks, however, while the effect of silver may provide disinfection for several months of use.

scholarly journals An Inconvenient Truth about Access to Safe Drinking Water

2021 ◽  
pp. 158-168
Author(s):  
A. W. Jayawardena
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
World Population ◽  
Safe Drinking Water ◽  
Human Right ◽  
Sustainable Development Goal ◽  
An Inconvenient Truth ◽  
Sanitation And Hygiene ◽  
Access To Water ◽  
Sustainable Development Goal 6 ◽  
The Right

The phrase inconvenient truth associated with global warming and climate change has received a great deal of publicity some years back. The objective of this article is to highlight a different kind of inconvenient truth which affects about 29% of the world population. It is about the lack of access to safe drinking water that results in over 1.2 million preventable deaths annually. The first two targets of UN sustainable development goal 6 (SDG6) aim at providing universal, affordable and sustainable access to “water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH)”.  Recognizing the right to safe and clean drinking water and sanitation as a basic human right, issues related to this problem as well as possible options to alleviate the problem are discussed.

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