scholarly journals Descendants and ascendants in binary trees

1997 ◽  
Vol Vol. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alois Panholzer ◽  
Helmut Prodinger
Keyword(s):  
Generating Functions ◽  
Binary Tree ◽  
Binary Trees ◽  
Zeilberger’S Algorithm ◽  
International Audience ◽  
Explicit Formulae ◽  
Zeilberger's Algorithm

International audience There are three classical algorithms to visit all the nodes of a binary tree - preorder, inorder and postorder traversal. From this one gets a natural labelling of the n internal nodes of a binary tree by the numbers 1, 2, ..., n, indicating the sequence in which the nodes are visited. For given n (size of the tree) and j (a number between 1 and n), we consider the statistics number of ascendants of node j and number of descendants of node j. By appropriate trivariate generating functions, we are able to find explicit formulae for the expectation and the variance in all instances. The heavy computations that are necessary are facilitated by MAPLE and Zeilberger's algorithm. A similar problem comes fromlabelling the leaves from left to right by 1, 2, ..., n and considering the statistic number of ascendants (=height) of leaf j. For this, Kirschenhofer [1] has computed the average. With our approach, we are also able to get the variance. In the last section, a table with asymptotic equivalents is provided for the reader's convenience.

scholarly journals The height of random binary unlabelled trees

2008 ◽  
Vol DMTCS Proceedings vol. AI,... (Proceedings) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolas Broutin ◽  
Philippe Flajolet
Keyword(s):  
Large Deviations ◽  
Complex Plane ◽  
Generating Functions ◽  
Binary Trees ◽  
International Audience ◽  
Large Deviations Estimates

International audience This extended abstract is dedicated to the analysis of the height of non-plane unlabelled rooted binary trees. The height of such a tree chosen uniformly among those of size $n$ is proved to have a limiting theta distribution, both in a central and local sense. Moderate as well as large deviations estimates are also derived. The proofs rely on the analysis (in the complex plane) of generating functions associated with trees of bounded height.

scholarly journals The register function for lattice paths

2008 ◽  
Vol DMTCS Proceedings vol. AI,... (Proceedings) ◽  
Author(s):  
Guy Louchard ◽  
Helmut Prodinger
Keyword(s):  
Generating Functions ◽  
Lattice Paths ◽  
Binary Trees ◽  
International Audience

International audience The register function for binary trees is the minimal number of extra registers required to evaluate the tree. This concept is also known as Horton-Strahler numbers. We extend this definition to lattice paths, built from steps $\pm 1$, without positivity restriction. Exact expressions are derived for appropriate generating functions. A procedure is presented how to get asymptotics of all moments, in an almost automatic way; this is based on an earlier paper of the authors.

scholarly journals Enumeration of Binary Trees and Universal Types

2005 ◽  
Vol Vol. 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Knessl ◽  
Wojciech Szpankowski
Keyword(s):  
Generating Functions ◽  
Path Length ◽  
Empirical Distribution ◽  
Applied Mathematics ◽  
Binary Trees ◽  
Wkb Method ◽  
Interesting Problem ◽  
Matched Asymptotics ◽  
Ordered Trees ◽  
International Audience

International audience Binary unlabeled ordered trees (further called binary trees) were studied at least since Euler, who enumerated them. The number of such trees with n nodes is now known as the Catalan number. Over the years various interesting questions about the statistics of such trees were investigated (e.g., height and path length distributions for a randomly selected tree). Binary trees find an abundance of applications in computer science. However, recently Seroussi posed a new and interesting problem motivated by information theory considerations: how many binary trees of a \emphgiven path length (sum of depths) are there? This question arose in the study of \emphuniversal types of sequences. Two sequences of length p have the same universal type if they generate the same set of phrases in the incremental parsing of the Lempel-Ziv'78 scheme since one proves that such sequences converge to the same empirical distribution. It turns out that the number of distinct types of sequences of length p corresponds to the number of binary (unlabeled and ordered) trees, T_p, of given path length p (and also the number of distinct Lempel-Ziv'78 parsings of length p sequences). We first show that the number of binary trees with given path length p is asymptotically equal to T_p ~ 2^2p/(log_2 p)(1+O(log ^-2/3 p)). Then we establish various limiting distributions for the number of nodes (number of phrases in the Lempel-Ziv'78 scheme) when a tree is selected randomly among all trees of given path length p. Throughout, we use methods of analytic algorithmics such as generating functions and complex asymptotics, as well as methods of applied mathematics such as the WKB method and matched asymptotics.

scholarly journals An extension of Tamari lattices

2015 ◽  
Vol DMTCS Proceedings, 27th... (Proceedings) ◽  
Author(s):  
Louis-François Préville-Ratelle ◽  
Xavier Viennot
Keyword(s):  
Symmetric Group ◽  
Binary Tree ◽  
Prime Numbers ◽  
Binary Trees ◽  
Square Lattice ◽  
Reverse Order ◽  
Tamari Lattice ◽  
Nous Montrons ◽  
International Audience ◽  
Tamari Lattices

International audience For any finite path $v$ on the square lattice consisting of north and east unit steps, we construct a poset Tam$(v)$ that consists of all the paths lying weakly above $v$ with the same endpoints as $v$. For particular choices of $v$, we recover the traditional Tamari lattice and the $m$-Tamari lattice. In particular this solves the problem of extending the $m$-Tamari lattice to any pair $(a; b)$ of relatively prime numbers in the context of the so-called rational Catalan combinatorics.For that purpose we introduce the notion of canopy of a binary tree and explicit a bijection between pairs $(u; v)$ of paths in Tam$(v)$ and binary trees with canopy $v$. Let $(\overleftarrow{v})$ be the path obtained from $v$ by reading the unit steps of $v$ in reverse order and exchanging east and north steps. We show that the poset Tam$(v)$ is isomorphic to the dual of the poset Tam$(\overleftarrow{v})$ and that Tam$(v)$ is isomorphic to the set of binary trees having the canopy $v$, which is an interval of the ordinary Tamari lattice. Thus the usual Tamari lattice is partitioned into (smaller) lattices Tam$(v)$, where the $v$’s are all the paths of length $n-1$ on the square lattice.We explain possible connections between the poset Tam$(v)$ and (the combinatorics of) the generalized diagonal coinvariant spaces of the symmetric group. Pour tout chemin $v$ sur le réseau carré formé de pas Nord et Est, nous construisons un ensemble partiellement ordonné Tam $(v)$ dont les éléments sont les chemins au dessus de $v$ et ayant les mêmes extrémités. Pour certains choix de $v$ nous retrouvons le classique treillis de Tamari ainsi que son extension $m$-Tamari. En particulier nous résolvons le problème d’étendre le treillis $m$-Tamari à toute paire $(a; b)$ d’entiers premiers entre eux dans le contexte de la combinatoire rationnelle de Catalan.Pour ceci nous introduisons la notion de canopée d’un arbre binaire et explicitons une bijection entre les paires $(u; v)$ de chemins dans Tam$(v)$ et les arbres binaires ayant la canopée $v$. Soit $(\overleftarrow{v})$ le chemin obtenu en lisant les pas en ordre inverse et en échangeant les pas Est et Nord. Nous montrons que Tam$(v)$ est isomorphe au dual de Tam$(\overleftarrow{v})$ et que Tam$(v)$ est isomorphe à l’ensemble des arbres binaires ayant la canopée $v$, qui est un intervalle du treillis de Tamari ordinaire. Ainsi le traditionnel treillis de Tamari admet une partition en plus petits treillis Tam$(v)$, où les $v$ sont tous les chemins de longueur $n-1$ sur le réseau carré. Enfin nous explicitons les liens possibles entre l’ensemble ordonné Tam$(v)$ et (la combinatoire des) espaces diagonaux coinvariants généralisés du groupe symétrique.

scholarly journals Left and right length of paths in binary trees or on a question of Knuth

2006 ◽  
Vol DMTCS Proceedings vol. AG,... (Proceedings) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alois Panholzer
Keyword(s):  
Binary Tree ◽  
Limiting Distribution ◽  
Binary Trees ◽  
Tree Model ◽  
Random Size ◽  
International Audience ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Right

International audience We consider extended binary trees and study the common right and left depth of leaf $j$, where the leaves are labelled from left to right by $0, 1, \ldots, n$, and the common right and left external pathlength of binary trees of size $n$. Under the random tree model, i.e., the Catalan model, we characterize the common limiting distribution of the suitably scaled left depth and the difference between the right and the left depth of leaf $j$ in a random size-$n$ binary tree when $j \sim \rho n$ with $0< \rho < 1$, as well as the common limiting distribution of the suitably scaled left external pathlength and the difference between the right and the left external pathlength of a random size-$n$ binary tree.

scholarly journals Reducibility and Solvability of Some Classes of Kryuchkov Binary Tree Pairs

10.37236/2028 ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Madonia ◽  
Giuseppe Scollo
Keyword(s):  
Induction Hypothesis ◽  
Binary Tree ◽  
Binary Trees ◽  
Equal Size ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Theoretic Approach ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Open Questions ◽  
Future Research Directions

This paper addresses the problem of characterizing classes of pairs of binary trees of equal size for which a signed reassociation sequence, in the Eliahou-Kryuchkov sense, can be shown to exist, either with a size induction hypothesis (reducible pairs), or without it (solvable pairs). A few concepts proposed by Cooper, Rowland and Zeilberger, in the context of a language-theoretic approach to the problem, are here reformulated in terms of signed reassociation sequences, and some of their results are recasted and proven in this framework. A few strategies, tactics and combinations thereof for signed reassociation are introduced, which prove useful to extend the results obtained by the aforementioned authors to new classes of binary tree pairs. In particular, with reference to path trees, i.e. binary trees that have a leaf at every level, we show the reducibility of pairs where (at least) one of the two path trees has a triplication at the first turn below the top level, and we characterize a class of weakly mutually crooked path tree pairs that are neither reducible nor solvable by any previously known result, but prove solvable by appropriate reassociation strategies. This class also includes a subclass of mutually crooked path tree pairs. A summary evaluation of the achieved results, followed by an outline of open questions and future research directions conclude the paper.

scholarly journals The b-chromatic number of power graphs

2003 ◽  
Vol Vol. 6 no. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brice Effantin ◽  
Hamamache Kheddouci
Keyword(s):  
Chromatic Number ◽  
Binary Trees ◽  
Proper Coloring ◽  
Power Cycles ◽  
International Audience

International audience The b-chromatic number of a graph G is defined as the maximum number k of colors that can be used to color the vertices of G, such that we obtain a proper coloring and each color i, with 1 ≤ i≤ k, has at least one representant x_i adjacent to a vertex of every color j, 1 ≤ j ≠ i ≤ k. In this paper, we discuss the b-chromatic number of some power graphs. We give the exact value of the b-chromatic number of power paths and power complete binary trees, and we bound the b-chromatic number of power cycles.

scholarly journals Meta-Fibonacci Sequences, Binary Trees and Extremal Compact Codes

10.37236/1052 ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Brad Jackson ◽  
Frank Ruskey
Keyword(s):  
Generating Functions ◽  
Recurrence Relations ◽  
Binary Trees ◽  
Integer Sequences ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
Online Encyclopedia ◽  
Fibonacci Sequences ◽  
Infinite Sequences

We consider a family of meta-Fibonacci sequences which arise in studying the number of leaves at the largest level in certain infinite sequences of binary trees, restricted compositions of an integer, and binary compact codes. For this family of meta-Fibonacci sequences and two families of related sequences we derive ordinary generating functions and recurrence relations. Included in these families of sequences are several well-known sequences in the Online Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences (OEIS).

scholarly journals Area of Brownian Motion with Generatingfunctionology

2003 ◽  
Vol DMTCS Proceedings vol. AC,... (Proceedings) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michel Nguyên Thê
Keyword(s):  
Brownian Motion ◽  
Random Walks ◽  
Generating Functions ◽  
Limit Distributions ◽  
Dyck Paths ◽  
Different Types ◽  
International Audience

International audience This paper gives a survey of the limit distributions of the areas of different types of random walks, namely Dyck paths, bilateral Dyck paths, meanders, and Bernoulli random walks, using the technology of generating functions only.

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