scholarly journals From Uprooting to Exclusion: First World War Refugees in the French Rural West

2021 ◽  
Vol Exaptriate (Articles) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronan Richard
Keyword(s):  
First World War ◽  
World War ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Native Populations ◽  
The Difference ◽  
First World

During the First World War, between 2 and 3 million people choose exile, chased away by the fights. In West of France, 150 000 evacuees, refugees or repatriates are in this way welcomed. From autumn 1914, their integration causes difficulties, minor at the beginning but which become more important from 1915. In a context of prolonged war which nobody has predicted, their sociocultural profile is quickly considered as incompatible with the expectations of native populations, mainly rural and unaccustomed to this “discovery of the difference.” Durant la Première Guerre mondiale, entre 2 et 3 millions de réfugiés, chassés par les combats, choisissent l’exil. Dans l’Ouest de la France, 150 000 évacués, réfugiés ou rapatriés sont ainsi accueillis. Dès l’automne 1914, leur intégration suscite des difficultés, mineures au début mais qui s’accentuent à partir de 1915. Dans un contexte de guerre dont nul n’a prédit l’allongement, leur profil socio‑culturel est vite considéré comme incompatible avec les attendus de populations autochtones majoritairement rurales et peu accoutumées à cette « découverte de la différence ».

For facts a most profound contempt

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerome Boyd Maunsell
Keyword(s):  
Joseph Conrad ◽  
First World War ◽  
World War ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Literary Portraits ◽  
The Difference ◽  
First World

This chapter examines Ford’s reminiscences—Ancient Lights and Certain New Reflections (1911), Thus to Revisit (1921), Joseph Conrad: A Personal Remembrance (1924), Return to Yesterday (1931), and It Was the Nightingale (1934). The chapter begins with a discussion of different degrees of autobiography, and the difference between autobiography and autobiographical forms including the roman à clef. It then traces the evolution of Ford’s reminiscences from his early “Literary Portraits” up to Mightier Than the Sword (1938). It argues that Ford forged a new genre, fusing fact and fiction to portray his contemporaries. Ford’s reminiscences are seen as group portraits, and Ford’s accounts of Conrad, James, Lewis, Stein, and Wells are discussed. The chapter also examines how the pivotal experience of the First World War was avoided by Ford in all his autobiographies, and how Ford also omitted his relationships with women in his reminiscences.

My life being so difficult a one to live

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerome Boyd Maunsell
Keyword(s):  
First World War ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
The First World War ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Many ◽  
Second World ◽  
First World

An account of Wyndham Lewis’s career as a portrait painter opens this chapter, with a focus on the many self-portraits he painted during his life. The theme of the difference between visual and literary self-portraiture is explored, and the role of satire in portraiture. The chapter examines Lewis’s first autobiography Blasting and Bombardiering (1937), and his depiction of the period leading up to and through the First World War. It also analyzes Lewis’s self-imposed exile during the Second World War during his emigration to America and Canada with his wife Anne, portrayed in Self Condemned (1954), and the subsequent writing of Rude Assignment (1950) after Lewis’s return to England. Lewis’s word portraits of Ford and Stein in his autobiographies are discussed, as are the omissions in these autobiographies.

scholarly journals Images of the «enemy» by the eyes of prisoners of war from the time of the First World War (according to the memoirs of Yu. I. Kirsch and E. E. Dwinger)

2018 ◽  
pp. 53-61
Author(s):  
V. S. Lavrenko ◽  
M. M. Tkachenko
Keyword(s):  
Negative Attitude ◽  
First World War ◽  
Prisoners Of War ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
World War ◽  
Junior Officer ◽  
The First World War ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
First World

The article analyzes the memories of Y. I. Kirsch, a Russian soldier who got into German captivity, and E. E. Dwinger, a German junior officer who was captured by Russians. The author raises the question of common and distinctive features in the images of the “enemy” created in the memoirs of these memoirists. Transformation in the perception of a military enemy in the experience of captivity is being considered. The issue of reconciliation and finding an understanding with the “enemy” was studied. The author comes to the conclusion that at the time of capturing both Russian and German soldiers had extremely negative images of the “enemy”. These images were constructed by state propaganda, which dehumanized a military enemy. The prisoners of war expected extreme cruelties from the “enemy”, but these expectations were not approved. Extreme experience of captivity focused on the negative aspects of life in Germany and the Russian Empire. This was reflected in the memoirs of Y. I. Kirch and E. E. Dwinger. But both memoirists noted that the “enemy” in the crowd behaved ruthlessly, while on a personal level, he was often ready to help prisoners of war, to show mercy. Despite the negative attitude to the “enemy”, both in Russia and in Germany, there was a cohabitation of prisoners of war with local women. In Germany, ordinary Germans congratulated prisoners of war on its’ end. In Russia with the beginning of the revolution, German prisoners of war received an invitation to join the White Movement. These facts are manifestations of partial reconciliation of prisoners of war with the “enemy”. With regard to the difference in the design of the enemy's image, German memoirs show more cultural reflections on the national character and the mission of the Russians. Memoirs of the Russian on the contrary emphasize the way of life and order that prevailed in the camp for the prisoners of war. The study of the experience of transforming the enemy's image during the First World War is relevant in the context of a modern information confrontation, which inevitably complements military conflicts.

scholarly journals HISTORIOGRAPHY OF THE PROBLEM OF SOLDIERS ‘ UNREST DURING MOBILIZATION IN THE YEARS OF THE FIRST WORLD WAR

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 59-68
Author(s):  
Semen N. Blinjaev ◽  
Oleg N. Shirokov
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
First World War ◽  
Present Moment ◽  
World War ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The First World War ◽  
The Difference ◽  
First World

The article covers the problem of analyzing such an important and relevant issue as the soldiers’ riots at the beginning of mobilization during the First World War and its consequences for the socio-economic and political situation in the Russian Empire. The authors give an overview of the Soviet, Russian and foreign historiography on the problem and describe the content of scientific works on this issue. Based on the analysis of scientists’ research works, the authors make a conclusion about their contribution to the development of certain aspects of the theme and coverage of the problematics as a whole. It is shown that there is a significant difference in the degree of research of the issue’s various aspects. The historiography reflects the most completely the socio-economic and political consequences of large-scale mobilization measures: socio-demographic shifts in the town and the village, changes in modernization processes, increasing problems in the agricultural sector, emergence and development of the revolutionary factor under the influence of the war, the least developed are aspects related to the character, scale, driving forces, mental and ethno – psychological springs of soldiers’ riots during the conscription campaigns. The authors point out the difference in interpreting the causes of such a social phenomenon as soldiers’ riots during the development of the problematics by Soviet scientists and Russian researchers in the 1990s and at the present moment. Regional historiography is considered separately with clarification of the issue determining the current stage of studying the scientific problem in Chuvashia, the republics of Tatarstan and Mari El. The authors come to the conclusion that, despite the multifaceted study of the problem on a Russian scale, it remains poorly studied on the territory of the three named republics of the Volga region, which indicates the current need for complex and holistic work.

scholarly journals Appeals to the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878 in times of military conflicts of the first half of the 20th century

2019 ◽  
pp. 342-358
Author(s):  
Nikita Gusev
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Historical Memory ◽  
First World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Balkan Wars ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Military Conflicts ◽  
Red Army ◽  
The Difference ◽  
First World

This article examines the emergence of the memory of the Russo-Turkish war of 1877-1878 in Russia in the fi rst half of the twentieth century. It considers the three key, non-anniversary, and therefore in their true colours, mentions of the war - the Balkan wars, the First World War and the entrance of the Red army into the territory of Bulgaria in 1944. The difference between those moments is traced, the instrumental nature of historical memory is also high-lighted.

Bergson's Philosophy and French Political Doctrines: Sorel, Maurras, Péguy and de Gaulle

1980 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellen Kennedy
Keyword(s):  
Biological Evolution ◽  
First World War ◽  
Political Life ◽  
World War ◽  
Political Issues ◽  
The First World War ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Charles Maurras ◽  
First World ◽  
De Gaulle

BEFORE THE FIRST WORLD WAR HENRI BERGSON HAD PUBlished three major works, but nothing exclusively or even primarily concerned with social and political issues. Nevertheless, Bergson's philosophy was thought to have a political meaning that could be deduced from its principles. Despite their different, even contradictory, conclusions about it, Bergson's philosophy influenced several leading figures in France – Georges Sorel, Charles Péguy, Charles Maurras and Charles de Gaulle – and through them the course of French history. Significantly, Bergson's philosophical arguments interested them more than his relatively minor, but concrete, statements about contemporary politics. Bergson's mature thought on moral and political life was shaped principally by the First world War: Les Deux sources de la moral et de la religion appeared after Sorel and Péguy were dead and when Maurras and the Action Franqaise no longer figured so prominently in French politics. Even de Gaulle, who came to prominence much later than the others and who really belongs more to the second half of the century than they do, appears to have taken no interest in Les Deux sources. Rather, Essai sur les données immédiates de la conscience and L'Évolution créatrice in which Bergson states his critique of ‘conceptual thinking’ and his theories of consciousness and biological evolution, comprise ‘Bergsonism’ in politics – not Bergson's own politics. These ironically find no consistent representation in the movements or political theories discussed below. The difference between what Bergson stood for and favoured in politics and what others thought his philosophy implied for politics is most striking and points to the difficulties inherent in taking practical advice from metaphysical arguments. There are, then, two problems surrounding Bergson's influence in France, one of which has already been alluded to and will be discussed at some length. The other is much more diffuse, but defines Bergson's political reputation today.

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