scholarly journals Diamond Growth from Organic Compounds in Hydrous Fluids Deep within the Earth

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Luce Frezzotti
Keyword(s):  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Diamond Growth ◽  
The Earth

scholarly journals Diamond growth from organic compounds in hydrous fluids deep within the Earth

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Luce Frezzotti
Keyword(s):  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Subduction Zones ◽  
Diamond Growth ◽  
Diamond Surfaces ◽  
Molecular Precursors ◽  
Carbon Saturation ◽  
Carboxylate Groups ◽  
Dissolved Species ◽  
Lithospheric Plates ◽  
The Alps

Abstract At subduction zones, most diamonds form by carbon saturation in hydrous fluids released from lithospheric plates on equilibration with mantle rocks. Although organic molecules are predicted among dissolved species which are the source for carbon in diamonds, their occurrence is not demonstrated in nature, and the physical model for crustal diamond formation is debated. Here, using Raman microspectroscopy, I determine the structure of carbon-based phases inside fluid inclusions in diamond-bearing rocks from the Alps. The results provide direct evidence that diamond surfaces are coated by sp2-, and sp3-bonded amorphous carbon and functional groups of carboxylic acids (e.g., carboxyl, carboxylate, methyl, and methylene), indicating the geosynthesis of organic compounds in deep hydrous fluids. Moreover, this study suggests diamond nucleation via metastable molecular precursors. As a possible scenario, with carbon saturation by reduction of carboxylate groups, I consider tetrahedral H-terminated C groups as templates for the growth of sp3-structured carbon.

scholarly journals Biogenic volatile organic compounds in the Earth system

2009 ◽  
Vol 183 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jullada Laothawornkitkul ◽  
Jane E. Taylor ◽  
Nigel D. Paul ◽  
C. Nicholas Hewitt
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Organic Compounds ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Earth System ◽  
Biogenic Volatile Organic Compounds ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Volatile Organic

scholarly journals Delivery of Complex Organic Compounds from Planetary Nebulae to the Solar System

2009 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 161-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sun Kwok
Keyword(s):  
Solar System ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Chemical Structure ◽  
Planetary Nebulae ◽  
Early Earth ◽  
Early Solar System ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Planetary Satellites ◽  
The Galaxy ◽  
Complex Organic

AbstractInfrared spectroscopic observations of planetary nebulae and proto-planetary nebulae have shown that complex organic compounds are synthesized in these objects over periods as short as a thousand years. These compounds are ejected into the interstellar medium and spread throughout the Galaxy. Evidence from meteorites has shown that these stellar grains have reached the Solar System, and may have showered the Earth during the heavy bombardment stage of the Early Earth. In this paper, we discuss the chemical structure of stellar organic grains and compare them to the organic matter found in meteorites, comets, asteroids, planetary satellites, and interplanetary particles. The possibility that the early Solar System was chemically enriched by organic compounds ejected from distant stars is presented.

scholarly journals Consumption of CH<sub>3</sub>Cl, CH<sub>3</sub>Br and CH<sub>3</sub>I and emission of CHCl<sub>3</sub>, CHBr<sub>3</sub> and CH<sub>2</sub>Br<sub>2</sub> from a retreating Arctic glacier's forefield

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moya L. Macdonald ◽  
Jemma L. Wadham ◽  
Dickon Young ◽  
Chris R. Lunder ◽  
Ove Hermansen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Compounds ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Halogenated Organic Compounds ◽  
Atmospheric Processes ◽  
Ozone Destruction ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Considerable Research ◽  
Land Surfaces ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Natural Cycles

Abstract. The Arctic is one of the most rapidly warming regions of the Earth, with predicted temperature increases of 5–7 °C and the accompanying extensive retreat of Arctic glacial systems by 2100. This will reveal new proglacial land surfaces for microbial colonisation, ultimately succeeding to tundra over decades to centuries. An unexplored dimension to these changes is the impact upon the emission and consumption of halogenated organic compounds (halocarbons) from proglacial land surfaces. Halocarbons are involved in several important atmospheric processes, including ozone destruction, and despite considerable research, uncertainties remain in the natural cycles of some of these compounds. Using flux chambers, we measured halocarbon fluxes from proglacial land surfaces spanning recently-exposed sediments (

Sources of Organic Compounds Required for Primitive Life

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
David W. Deamer
Keyword(s):  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Chemical Reactions ◽  
Organic Material ◽  
Interplanetary Dust ◽  
Global Ocean ◽  
Early Earth ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Oxidation Reduction ◽  
Carbon Compounds ◽  
Synthetic Reactions

Carbon compounds on the early Earth were not the simple mixture previously referred to as a “prebiotic soup.” Instead, there was a continuing input of organic material synthesized by geochemical and photochemical reactions in the volcanic crust and atmosphere; organic compounds were also being delivered during late accretion by the infall of interplanetary dust particles (IDPs), impacting comets, and asteroid-sized bodies. Compounds from both sources (terrestrial and not) then underwent chemical processing by volcanism, photochemistry, and mineral-driven oxidation–reduction reactions. Some of these processes were synthetic reactions that led to increasing complexity, but this was balanced by other processes such as hydrolysis and pyrolysis that degraded organic material into simpler compounds or tar-like polymers. Because the atmosphere contained no molecular oxygen, the organic compounds that formed were relatively stable as a dilute solution in the global ocean, but were also dissolved in freshwater hydrothermal pools in contact with mineral surfaces of volcanic land masses. In either case, a process was required by which the organic compounds could become sufficiently concentrated to undergo chemical reactions. Questions to be addressed: What are plausible sources of organic compounds? What is their composition and abundance? How would organic material be chemically processed on the early Earth? How can dilute organic solutes become sufficiently concentrated to undergo chemical reactions? Chapter 1 described how virtually all of the carbon now circulating in the biosphere as organic and inorganic compounds was delivered during accretion of planetesimals as the Earth formed, and it is reasonable to assume that Mars had a similar addition of carbon compounds and water after it cooled from primary accretion. On the Earth, organic substances delivered during primary accretion would have been destroyed by the heat of impacts and the moon-forming event, so the carbon compounds necessary for the origin of life were necessarily added after the Earth had cooled sufficiently for a global ocean to appear.

The motion of a lunar orbiter

1966 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 373
Author(s):  
Y. Kozai
Keyword(s):  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Artificial Satellite ◽  
Equations Of Motion ◽  
Triaxial Ellipsoid ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Secular Motion ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Close Satellite ◽  
The Mean

The motion of an artificial satellite around the Moon is much more complicated than that around the Earth, since the shape of the Moon is a triaxial ellipsoid and the effect of the Earth on the motion is very important even for a very close satellite.The differential equations of motion of the satellite are written in canonical form of three degrees of freedom with time depending Hamiltonian. By eliminating short-periodic terms depending on the mean longitude of the satellite and by assuming that the Earth is moving on the lunar equator, however, the equations are reduced to those of two degrees of freedom with an energy integral.Since the mean motion of the Earth around the Moon is more rapid than the secular motion of the argument of pericentre of the satellite by a factor of one order, the terms depending on the longitude of the Earth can be eliminated, and the degree of freedom is reduced to one.Then the motion can be discussed by drawing equi-energy curves in two-dimensional space. According to these figures satellites with high inclination have large possibilities of falling down to the lunar surface even if the initial eccentricities are very small.The principal properties of the motion are not changed even if plausible values ofJ3andJ4of the Moon are included.This paper has been published in Publ. astr. Soc.Japan15, 301, 1963.

Formation of Lunar Craters and Bright Rays as a Result of Meteorite Impacts

1962 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 415-418
Author(s):  
K. P. Stanyukovich ◽  
V. A. Bronshten
Keyword(s):  
Explosive Charge ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Meteorite Impacts ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Lunar Craters ◽  
The Impact

The phenomena accompanying the impact of large meteorites on the surface of the Moon or of the Earth can be examined on the basis of the theory of explosive phenomena if we assume that, instead of an exploding meteorite moving inside the rock, we have an explosive charge (equivalent in energy), situated at a certain distance under the surface.

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