Effect of the Using of Racing Exhaust with variation Soundproofing Material Against Exhaust Emissions and Noise on 4 Stroke Motorcycle

This study discusses the effect of using a racing exhaust with asbestos and stainless steel-based filters. The purpose of this study is to find out how big the role of racing exhaust filters in reducing noise and exhaust emissions. This study uses an experimental method with the static comparison design. The object of this research is Honda Beat injection motorcycle 2017. The data from this study were taken from testing standard exhaust, stainless steel, and asbestos. Based on the research that has been done, it can be concluded that the use of stainless steel-based filters is effective in reducing HC emissions compared to standard exhausts and racing exhausts with asbestos filters, stainless steel filters are also effective in reducing noise by 4.4% compared to exhausts with asbestos filters. Penelitian ini membahas tentang pengaruh dari pemakaian knalpot racing dengan saringan berbahan dasar asbes dan stainless steel. Tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu mengetahui seberapa besar peranan saringan knalpot racing dalam mereduksi kebisingan dan emisi gas buang yang dihasilkan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode eksperimen dengan desain the static comparison design. Objek dari penelitian ini adalah sepeda motor Honda Beat injeksi tahun 2017. Data dari penelitian ini diambil dari pengujian knalpot standar, stainless steel, dan asbes. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian disimpulkan bahwa penggunaan saringan berbahan dasar stainless steel efektif mereduksi emisi HC dibanding knalpot standar dan knalpot racing dengan saringan asbes, saringan stainless steel juga efektif mereduksi kebisingan sebesar 4,4% dibandingkan kanlpot dengan saringan asbes.

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Estimation of aircraft turbofan engine exhaust emissions with environmental and economic aspects at a small-scale airport

Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology ◽

10.1108/aeat-11-2020-0264 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽

Author(s):

Halil Yalcin Akdeniz

Keyword(s):

Cost Estimation ◽

Air Pollutants ◽

Exhaust Emissions ◽

Civil Aviation ◽

Small Scale ◽

Nox Emissions ◽

Economic Aspects ◽

Content Type ◽

Hc Emissions

Purpose The purpose of this study is to estimate the nitrogen oxide (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbon (HC) emissions and their environmental and economic aspects during the actual landing and take-off operations (LTO) of domestic and international flights at a small-scale airport. In this regard, the aircraft-induced NOx, CO and HC emissions analyses, the global warming potential (GWP) estimations of exhaust emissions and the life cycle assessment (LCA)-based environmental impact (EI) estimations of exhaust emissions, and the eco-cost estimation of exhaust emissions are measured. Design/methodology/approach Estimations and calculations are performed in parallel with the International Civil Aviation Organisation’s Engine Emission Databank and Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change approaches. Also, to assess the environmental effect of the pollutants, the GWP and the EI analyses which is based on the LCA approaches are used. Finally, the eco-cost approach has been used to discuss the economic aspects of these emissions. Findings The total emissions of air pollutants from aircraft are estimated as 601.067 kg/y for HC, 6,074.905 kg/y for CO and 4,156.391 kg/y for NOx at the airport. Also, emissions from international flights account for 79% of emissions from all flights. The Airbus A321 type of aircraft has accounted for more than half of the total HC, CO and NOx emissions. The total amount of emissions from the B738 type of aircraft is estimated as 24%. It is noticed that the taxi phase constitutes 52% of the total HC, CO and NOx emissions. Because of this, it is selected the five different alternative taxi times to observe the effects of pollution role of taxiing time in detail and re-estimated accordingly. According to the re-estimated results with variations in taxiing time, when the taxiing time at the airport is 24 min instead of the original value, this case contributes to a decrease in total LTO emissions of approximately 4%. Also, when the taxiing time is decreased by 2 min, HC, CO and NOx emission amounts decrease by approximately 3.9%, 5.9% and 1.2%, respectively. At this point, the polluting role of taxiing time will be helpful to reduce the aircraft-induced HC, CO and NOx emissions for other larger-scale airports. On the other hand, it is estimated that the GWP of the A321 is 1,066.29 t CO2e whilst the GWP of B738 is 719.50 t CO2e. The eco-cost values of the A321, B738, A320 and CL60-type of aircraft are estimated as almost 61,049.42, 41,086.02, 18,417.43 and 6,163.59 Euros, respectively. Practical implications With the detailed results of this study, the polluting role of taxiing time on total HC, CO and NOx emissions in a small-scale airport will be helpful to reduce aircraft-induced emissions for other larger-scale airports. Also, in the future, this study and its results will be helpful to create an emission inventory at the airport examined. Originality/value In this study, different from some previous studies, air pollutants from aircrafts are evaluated with different aspects such as the EI and eco-cost and GWP. Also, this study will be making a helpful contribution to the literature as it covers the more diversity of the different types of aircrafts in the analyses.

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Everyday Products

10.1093/oso/9780198804079.003.0012 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

David Segal

Keyword(s):

Stainless Steel ◽

Hard Candy

Chapter 12 describes material aspects of everyday products. For example, the role of nanoparticles in sunscreens. It also covers surfactants and their role in micelles in washing-up liquids. The role of nanotechnology in cosmetics is stressed. The surprising use of hydrogels in disposable nappies (diapers) and the role of microstructure in sweets such as hard candy (boiled sweets) are described. Other everyday products include breathable garments, stainless steel and acrylic textiles.

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Conceptual Analysis Rebooted

10.1093/oso/9780198807520.003.0008 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Edouard Machery

Keyword(s):

Experimental Method ◽

Conceptual Analysis ◽

Philosophical Tradition ◽

Traditional Use ◽

Philosophical Significance ◽

Conceptual Engineering ◽

Method Of Cases

Chapter 7 proposes a new, naturalistic characterization of conceptual analysis, defends its philosophical significance, and shows that usual concerns with conceptual analysis do not apply to this revamped version. So understood, conceptual analysis encompasses both a descriptive project and a normative project, similar to explication or to conceptual engineering. Chapter 7 also defends the philosophical significance of this novel form of conceptual analysis and its continuity with the role of conceptual analysis in the philosophical tradition. Furthermore, naturalized conceptual analysis often requires empirical tools to be pursued successfully, and an experimental method of cases 2.0 should often replace the traditional use of cases in philosophy.

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Comprehending the role of individual microstructural features on electrochemical response and passive film behaviour in type 304 austenitic stainless steel

Corrosion Science ◽

10.1016/j.corsci.2020.109187 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 180 ◽

pp. 109187

Author(s):

S.K. Pradhan ◽

P. Bhuyan ◽

L.R. Bairi ◽

S. Mandal

Keyword(s):

Stainless Steel ◽

Austenitic Stainless Steel ◽

Passive Film ◽

Electrochemical Response ◽

304 Austenitic Stainless Steel ◽

Type 304

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Investigation on Physicochemical Properties of Wastewater Grown Microalgae Methyl Ester and its Effects on CI Engine

Environmental and Climate Technologies ◽

10.2478/rtuect-2020-0005 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 24 (1) ◽

pp. 72-87 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Sara Tayari ◽

Reza Abedi ◽

Ali Abedi

Keyword(s):

Methyl Ester ◽

Engine Performance ◽

Exhaust Emissions ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Emissions Reduction ◽

Test Results ◽

Main Fatty Acid ◽

Ci Engine ◽

Hc Emissions ◽

A Minor

AbstractMicroalgae have been mentioned as a promising feedstock for biodiesel production. In this study, microalgae Chlorella vulgaris (MCV) was cultivated in a bioreactor with wastewater. After biodiesel production from MCV oil via transesterification reaction, chemical and physical properties of MCV methyl ester were evaluated with regular diesel and ASTM standard. Besides, engine performance and exhaust emissions of CI engine fuelled with the blends of diesel-biodiesel were measured. The GC-MS analysis showed that oleic and linoleic acids were the main fatty acid compounds in the MCV methyl ester. Engine test results revealed that the use of biodiesel had led to a major decrease in CO and HC emissions and a modest reduction in CO2 emissions, whereas there was a minor increase in NOx emissions. Furthermore, there was a slight decrease in the engine power and torque while a modest increase in brake specific fuel consumption which are acceptable due to exhaust emissions reduction. The experimental results illustrate considerable capabilities of applied MVC biodiesel as an alternative fuel in diesel engines to diminish the emissions.

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