scholarly journals Evaluation of the behavior of rabies main indicators in the province of Chucuito, Puno, Peru

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (33) ◽  
pp. 227-246
Author(s):  
Felix Pompeyo Ferro Mayhua ◽  
Polan Franbalt Ferro-Gonzales ◽  
Luis Jhordan Rossel Bernedo ◽  
Lucio Ticona Carrizales ◽  
Victor Meliton Zanabria Huisa
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Health ◽  
The Other ◽  
Human Rabies ◽  
Wild Animals ◽  
Health Unit ◽  
Health Network ◽  
Canine Rabies ◽  
Adequate Control ◽  
Low Coverage ◽  
Rabies Vaccination

Rabies, by definition, is an acute and fatal encephalomyelitis that affects man and a large number of domestic and wild animals. The present research aims to evaluate the main rabies indicators in Chucuito, a province of the Puno-Peru Region; the analysis of the data registered in the forms of the zoonosis sanitary strategy has been carried out in the Environmental Health Unit of the Health network, Chucuito. It is concluded that, during the evaluated years, there was only one outbreak of human rabies in 2010, coinciding with a low coverage of canine rabies vaccination (53%), and with a case of canine rabies in the same year. On the other hand, three cases of canine rabies were reported in unvaccinated dogs, the bitten people were treated for the most part, along with adequate control of the dogs.

scholarly journals Human exposure to potential rabies virus transmitters in Olinda, State of Pernambuco, between 2002 and 2006

2007 ◽  
Vol 40 (6) ◽  
pp. 617-621 ◽  
Author(s):  
Filipe Dantas-Torres ◽  
Edmilson Ferreira de Oliveira-Filho
Keyword(s):  
Rabies Virus ◽  
Human Exposure ◽  
Nonhuman Primates ◽  
Prophylactic Treatment ◽  
Human Rabies ◽  
Post Exposure Prophylaxis ◽  
Wild Animals ◽  
Health Unit ◽  
Multifaceted Approach ◽  
Exposure Prophylaxis

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the data on human exposure to potential rabies virus transmitters in Olinda, State of Pernambuco, Brazil. Data from 7,062 patients who underwent antirabies prophylactic treatment in Olinda between 2002 and 2006 were analyzed. As expected, dogs and cats were involved in most of the cases; i.e. 82.3 and 16.3%, respectively. Attacks by nonhuman primates, bats and other species (unspecified) were also reported. Among the 7,062 patients who underwent antirabies treatment, 582 patients abandoned the treatment, either by indication from the health unit (195) or by their own decision (387). In conclusion, this study has indicated that prophylaxis for human rabies in this urban area will require a multifaceted approach, including health education, post-exposure prophylaxis, systematic vaccination for dogs and cats, and possibly selective control over wild animals such as hematophagous bats.

scholarly journals Domestic dog demographics and estimates of canine vaccination coverage in a rural area of Zambia for the elimination of rabies

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. e0009222
Author(s):  
Chiho Kaneko ◽  
Ryosuke Omori ◽  
Michihito Sasaki ◽  
Chikako Kataoka-Nakamura ◽  
Edgar Simulundu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vaccination Coverage ◽  
Vaccination Campaign ◽  
Mass Vaccination ◽  
Domestic Dog ◽  
Human Rabies ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Canine Rabies ◽  
Rabies Control ◽  
Mass Vaccination Campaign ◽  
Rabies Vaccination

Background An estimated 75% or more of the human rabies cases in Africa occur in rural settings, which underscores the importance of rabies control in these areas. Understanding dog demographics can help design strategies for rabies control and plan and conduct canine mass vaccination campaigns effectively in African countries. Methodology/Principal findings A cross-sectional survey was conducted to investigate domestic dog demographics in Kalambabakali, in the rural Mazabuka District of Zambia. The population of ownerless dogs and the total achievable vaccination coverage among the total dog population was estimated using the capture-recapture-based Bayesian model by conducting a canine mass vaccination campaign. This study revealed that 29% of the domestic dog population was under one year old, and 57.7% of those were under three months old and thus were not eligible for the canine rabies vaccination in Zambia. The population growth was estimated at 15% per annum based on the cross-sectional household survey. The population of ownerless dogs was estimated to be small, with an ownerless-to-owned-dog ratio of 0.01–0.06 in the target zones. The achieved overall vaccination coverage from the first mass vaccination was estimated 19.8–51.6%. This low coverage was principally attributed to the owners’ lack of information, unavailability, and dog-handling difficulties. The follow-up mass vaccination campaign achieved an overall coverage of 54.8–76.2%. Conclusions/Significance This paper indicates the potential for controlling canine rabies through mass vaccination in rural Zambia. Rabies education and responsible dog ownership are required to achieve high and sustainable vaccination coverage. Our findings also propose including puppies below three months old in the target population for rabies vaccination and emphasize that securing an annual enforcement of canine mass vaccination that reaches 70% coverage in the dog population is necessary to maintain protective herd immunity.

scholarly journals History of Rabies Incidence and Rabies Control in Serbia in Support of the Zero by 2030 Campaign to Eliminate Dog-Mediated Human Rabies

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 75
Author(s):  
Srđan Stankov ◽  
Dušan Lalošević ◽  
Anthony R. Fooks
Keyword(s):  
Health Department ◽  
Human Rabies ◽  
Surveillance Program ◽  
Post Exposure Prophylaxis ◽  
Canine Rabies ◽  
Rabies Control ◽  
Novi Sad ◽  
Exposure Prophylaxis ◽  
Rabies Prevention ◽  
Rabies Vaccination

Urban (principally canine-mediated) rabies has been a public health risk for people living in Serbia for centuries. The first legal act in urban rabies prevention in Serbia was established in 1834 by introducing high taxes for pet dog owners. Five years later in 1839, the first set of literature describing rabies prevention was issued by the health department from The Serbian Ministry of Interior. An overview of cauterization of rabies wounds was presented as the principal method of rabies post exposure prophylaxis. In 1890, a human rabies vaccination was introduced in Serbia with the royal government directive which ordered patients to be treated at the Pasteur Institute in Budapest in receipt of rabies vaccination. Urban (canine) rabies was eliminated during the 1980s, but sylvatic (principally fox-mediated) rabies still prevailed. The last human rabies case was recorded in the Province of Kosovo and Metohija in 1980. Sylvatic rabies in Serbia is in the final stages of elimination by orally vaccinating foxes (Vulpes vulpes). The only published finding of a lyssavirus among Serbian bats was made in 1954 by Dr Milan Nikolić in the vicinity of Novi Sad. In 2006, a comprehensive two-year active surveillance program of lyssaviruses in bats in Serbia was undertaken. In this single study, all of the bats from Serbia tested negative for a lyssavirus.

scholarly journals Rabies in Thailand

1998 ◽  
Vol 120 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. MITMOONPITAK ◽  
V. TEPSUMETHANON ◽  
H. WILDE
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
World Health ◽  
Human Rabies ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Post Exposure ◽  
Canine Rabies ◽  
The World ◽  
Public Health Threat ◽  
Rabies Vaccination

The prevalence of canine and human rabies in Thailand has decreased significantly during the last decade. This has been associated with an increasing number of human post-exposure treatments. Educational efforts, mass vaccination of dogs and cats and the use of safe and effective vaccines have all made an impact. The proportion of fluorescent antibody positive dogs, among those examined for rabies averaged 54% indicating that rabies is still a major public health threat. Canine rabies vaccination is not usually performed in animals <3 months old. However, this study revealed that 14% of rabid dogs were <3 months old and 42% were [les ]6 months old. This is the age group most likely to interact with humans and other dogs. Our study also supports the World Health Organization's recommendation that observing suspected rabid dogs for 10 days is an adequate and safe practice.

scholarly journals Knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding rabies and its control among dog owners in Kigali city, Rwanda

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pie Ntampaka ◽  
Philip Njeru Nyaga ◽  
James Kinuthia Gathumbi ◽  
Michael Tukei ◽  
François Niragire
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Health Care Facilities ◽  
Human Rabies ◽  
Dog Bites ◽  
Attitudes And Practices ◽  
Canine Rabies ◽  
Dog Ownership ◽  
Dog Owners ◽  
Knowledge Attitudes And Practices ◽  
Rabies Vaccination

Background: Rabies is a zoonotic viral disease that can occur in all warm-blooded mammals, including man [1]. Vaccinating dogs can protect people from contracting rabies [2]. Annual deaths due to rabies was estimated to 61000 worldwide [1], and Africa represented 35.2% of the deaths [3]. In Rwanda, rabies is a public health threat to the public [4], but the country does not have information on the disease [5]. Methodology: The present study aimed to assess knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) of rabies and its control among dog owners in Kigali city, Rwanda. We conducted a cross-sectional survey using a structured questionnaire among 137 dog owners randomly selected within each of the selected 9 study sites. A series of chi-square tests of association and binary logistic regression were used to determine the important factors associated with the response variables. Results: The results showed that 99.5% of respondents could mention at least a host susceptible to rabies. Only 22.4 % and 21.3 % knew about canine and human rabies, respectively. Nearly 73.6% knew that human rabies can be transmitted through dog-bites and 99% could identify at least a clinical sign of canine rabies. Nealy 81.8% thought that regularly vaccinating dogs could prevent people from contracting dog-transmitted rabies. Only 43.1% and 26.3% were aware that clinical human and canine rabies are always deadly, respectively. Respondents who would observe a dog for some time, once it bites a man or an animal, represented 69%. Only 20.4% were familiar with cleaning dog-bites wounds with water and soap, before attending health care facilities. Few respondents owning dogs (20.6%) knew that puppies could receive rabies vaccination before the age of three months. Of respondents who owned vaccinated dogs, 78% were happy about the cost of rabies vaccination of dogs (Rwandan Francs 0-30,000). Nearly 57.9% had their dogs vaccinated at home by veterinarians. Eighty-two (82%) percent of respondents received rabies information from neighbours, the media and public meetings. Logistic regression analyses indicated that none of respondents’sex, education level, and duration of dog ownership was statistically associated with their knowledge of rabies. The respondents who had kept dogs for 5-10 years were less likely to have as sufficient knowledge as those who had kept dogs for more than ten years (AOR=0.96). Male respondents were more likely to adopt a positive attitude (AOR=1.47) and have appropriate practice (AOR=1.40) towards rabies. The respondents who had completed at least primary education, were more likely to have appropriate practice of rabies (AOR=1.41). Conclusions: This study identified gaps in the dog owners’ rabies knowledge of transmission, treatment and control. In addition, none of respondents’sex, educational level, and dog ownership length was statistically associated with their rabies knowledge. Overall, this study indicated that all categories of dog owners in Kigali city did not have good levels of rabies knowledge. Rabies interventions including awareness component in the studied population should be homogeneously improved.

Unmasking the Cosmopolitan Tiger

2008 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annu Jalais
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Recent History ◽  
Wild Animals ◽  
Wildlife Protection

The global 'cosmopolitan' tiger, as opposed to the local 'Sundarbans tiger', has become the rallying point for urbanites' concerns for wildlife protection globally. In this piece, I look at two different representations of tigers in recent history, one colonial and the other national. This so as to highlight how representations, even of wild animals, are ultimately linked to power. This leads me to argue how today's Western-dominated ideas about tigers (a view I call 'cosmopolitan') ultimately act to the detriment of 'other' tigers because these do not allow for an engagement with alternative ways of understanding animals and wildlife. Such images, I try to show using Descola's arguments about nature and understandings of it, in turn perpetrates the coercive and unequal relationship between, in this case, those who partake of the 'cosmopolitan' tiger view versus those who live with 'wild' tigers.

Wild Beasts in the City

2018 ◽  
pp. 105-119
Author(s):  
Harini Nagendra
Keyword(s):  
Animal Behaviour ◽  
The Other ◽  
Ecological Knowledge ◽  
Wild Animals ◽  
Urban Conservation ◽  
Wild Cats ◽  
The City

Early settlers, pastoralists and hunters, demonstrated an extensive ecological knowledge of the local landscape as of animal behaviour. India rulers used hunts and captive wild animals in the court to underline their bravery, military prowess and valour. The local fascination with shikar (hunting) rubbed off onto British elite, who participated in gruesome farces of urban ‘hunts’, against large wild cats imported in cages from the forests surrounding Bengaluru. Uncaged wildlife were perceived as vermin, leading to an intensive period of targeted kills in the 19th century. These histories influence our framing of the wild beast as the ‘other’: a being to be valorized in battle, conquered in a hunt, trapped in a cage, butchered for trophies, and exoticized in print, but not capable of co-existing with humans. Solutions are unclear, and would be simplistic to propose. But the need to foster a new ethic of urban conservation appears clear.

Mental Epidemics among the Lower Animals

1872 ◽  
Vol 17 (80) ◽  
pp. 525-543
Author(s):  
W. Lauder Lindsay
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Wild Animals ◽  
Short Account ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Mental Diseases ◽  
The One

In supplement of my paper on “The Physiology∗ of Mind in the Lower Animals,” and in anticipation of the correlative essay, which I hope by-and-bye to contribute to the “Journal of Mental Science,” on “The Patkology† of Mind in the Lower Animals,” I am desirous—so long as the whole British public has a vivid memory of certain signal illustrations of the fact, or phenomena—to direct attention to the circumstance that the lower animals, in common with man, are subject to certain forms of Epidemic Mental Derangement. I allude more especially, at present, to that form thereof which is popularly known as Panic, and technically described as Timoria or Panphobia; an affection that is very properly included among “Epidemic Mental Diseases” in the short account given of them by Dr. Browne, ex-Commissioner in Lunacy for Scotland, in “Chambers's Encyclopaedia” (vol. iv, 1862, p. 92).† The illustrations to which I would specially draw attention, in the case of the lower animals, are to be found, on the one hand, in the notorious Stampedes§ of Cavalry Horses, which characterized the well-known “autumn manóuvres” at Aldershot, about the end of August and beginning of September, 1871, as well as the later military manóuvres near the Russian capital (in September, 1871); and on the other hand, the Stampedes of other domestic and wild animals, during the more recent devastating conflagrations of Chicago, and of the prairies or forests of Michigan and Wisconsin, (in October, 1871.)

scholarly journals Development of a Non-Meat-Based, Mass Producible and Effective Bait for Oral Vaccination of Dogs against Rabies in Goa State, India

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew D. Gibson ◽  
Stella Mazeri ◽  
Gowri Yale ◽  
Santosh Desai ◽  
Vilas Naik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
Target Population ◽  
Human Rabies ◽  
High Uptake ◽  
Minimum Requirements ◽  
Global Goal ◽  
Vaccination Campaigns ◽  
Rabies Vaccination

Introduction: To achieve the global goal of canine-mediated human rabies elimination by 2030 there is an urgent need to scale-up mass dog vaccination activities in regions with large dog populations that are difficult to access; a common situation in much of India. Oral rabies vaccination may enable the vaccination of free-roaming dogs that are inaccessible to parenteral vaccination, and is considered a promising complementary measure to parenteral mass dog vaccination campaigns. WHO and OIE have published detailed minimum requirements for rabies vaccines and baits to be used for this purpose, requiring that baits must not only be well-accepted by the target population but must also efficiently release the vaccine in the oral cavity. For oral rabies vaccination approaches to be successful, it is necessary to develop baits which have a high uptake by the target population, are culturally accepted and amenable to mass production. The aim of this study was to compare the interest and uptake rates of meat-based and an egg-based prototype bait constructs by free roaming dogs in Goa, India. Methods: Three teams randomly distributed two prototype baits; an egg-flavoured bait and a commercial meat dog food (gravy) flavoured bait. The outcomes of consumption were recorded and compared between baits and dog variables. Results: A total of 209 egg-bait and 195 gravy-bait distributions were recorded and analysed. No difference (p = 0.99) was found in the percentage of dogs interested in the baits when offered. However, significantly more dogs consumed the egg-bait than the gravy-bait; 77.5% versus 68.7% (p = 0.04). The release of the blue-dyed water inside the sachet in the oral cavity of the animals was significant higher in the dogs consuming an egg-bait compared to the gravy-bait (73.4% versus 56.7%, p = 0.001). Conclusions: The egg-based bait had a high uptake amongst free roaming dogs and also enabled efficient release of the vaccine in the oral cavity, whilst also avoiding culturally relevant materials of bovine or porcine meat products.

Meta-analysis of immunogenicity and safety of human rabies vaccination under Zagreb and Essen regimens

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ting Li ◽  
Xin Wang ◽  
Hongbin Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Events ◽  
Safety Profile ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Human Rabies ◽  
Antibody Concentration ◽  
Weighted Mean ◽  
Mean Differences ◽  
Risk Ratios ◽  
Rabies Vaccination

Aim: To assess the immunogenicity and safety of rabies vaccination under the Zagreb and Essen regimens by performing a meta-analysis. Methods: Electronic databases were searched for eligible studies. Risk ratios and weighted mean differences with 95% CIs were used to calculate estimates. Results: A total of 18 studies were included. Rabies virus neutralizing antibody concentration was comparable between the two regimens at D7 and 14. No significant differences were observed in seroconversion rates from D14 and 42. Incidence of fever was higher in Zagreb group (risk ratio: 1.55 [1.37–1.76]); but no significant differences were present for other common adverse events. Conclusion: Rabies vaccination under the Zagreb regimen was noninferior to the Essen regimen in immunogenicity and had an acceptable safety profile.

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