scholarly journals Renaissance Anatomy: The Path from Ars to Scientia with a Focus on Anatomical Works of Johannes Jessenius

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-115
Author(s):  
Tomáš Nejeschleba
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Fundamental Change ◽  
Andreas Vesalius ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
University Of Padua ◽  
The University

Johannes Jessenius (1566–1621) became known by his contemporaries mostly as an exponent of the Italian anatomical Renaissance in Central Europe at the end of the sixteenth and at the beginning of the seventeenth century. The image of Jessenius in the twentieth century was also created with respect to his activities in the area of anatomy in Wittenberg and Prague in particular. The aim of this article is to put Jessenius into the context of the development of anatomy in the sixteenth century. An important point in this progression can be seen in the change of the definition of anatomy from the art (ars) of dis- secting bodies and a “method” of instructing students to the way of acquiring knowledge (scientiaa) of bodies and nature. The crucial role in this process played anatomical writings of the second half of the 16th century and the development seems to be connected with methodological discussions at the University of Padua. Jessenius, in his anatomical writings, primarily followed the Paduan anatomist Andreas Vesalius (1514–1564), whose work De humani corporis fabrica (1543) expresses the fundamental change in Renaissance anatomy. In addition, the methodological background of the anatomical Renaissance, which Jessenius became acquainted with during his studies in Padua, also echoes in Jessenius’ works.

scholarly journals Study for a new definition of the southern side of Prato della Valle in Padua, Italy

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enrico Pietrogrande ◽  
Alessandro Dalla Caneva
Keyword(s):  
Kansas City ◽  
Continuous Limit ◽  
Urban Context ◽  
Southern Limit ◽  
Southern Side ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Communicative Power ◽  
University Of Padua ◽  
The University ◽  
Santa Maria

The southern limit of thePrato della Valle space in the southern part of Padua's historical centre, inItaly, was continuously delimited by the boundary wall of the Santa Maria dellaMisericordia convent until the early twentieth century. Its presence was one ofthe elements that more than a century ago inspired the enlightened proposal byDomenico Cerato, a design professor at the University of Padua who had beeninspired by Andrea Memmo, the Superintendent of the Serenissima Republic ofVenice. The straight and continuous limit was replaced by the discontinuousarchitecture of the Foro Boario entrance, built in 1913 according to a designby Alessandro Peretti; this weakened the overall solution based on anelliptical shape, as did the communicative power of the nearby basilica ofSanta Giustina. The examination carried out dwells on these limits, simulatingthe virtual introduction of architecture with a continuous front to thesouthern edge of the Prato della Valle. One example of this type ofarchitecture is the Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art built in Kansas City between1930 and 1933, based on a design by the brothers Thomas and William Wight, andexpanded in 1999 based on a design by Steven Hall. The study generallyconfirmed that the compactness of the building's front newly provides strengthto Cerato's design, which gave a sense of unity to the general emptiness thanksto the certainty of its borders, and gives again the Basilica of Santa Giustinaits monumental size. This paper investigates the composition ofheterogeneous fragments, excerpts from the inventory of collective memory, andthe resulting unpredictable architecture in an urban context.

scholarly journals The University of Padua in the Renaissance and the Age of Enlightenment: The New Academic Building and the Definition of Urban Space

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 51-64
Author(s):  
Stefano Zaggia
Keyword(s):  
Urban Space ◽  
Age Of Enlightenment ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
University Of Padua ◽  
The University ◽  
Academic Building

The University of Padua in the Renaissance and the Age ofEnlightenment: The New Academic Building and the Definition of Urban Space

Five Italian Occurrences of Umanista, 1540-1574

1967 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 317-325 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul P. Grendler
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Latin Text ◽  
Short Article ◽  
Repeated Use ◽  
The University ◽  
Printed Sources

Despite the repeated use of the term ‘humanist’ by modern scholars, few references to the term have been located in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. Campana has found nine Itahan uses of the term in manuscript and printed sources from 1512 to 1588. In addition he has noted two sixteenth-century French uses, one English reference, and four appearances in the Latin text of the Epistolae ohscurorum virorum. Paul O. Kristeller has located the word in a letter of 1490 by the rector of the University of Pisa, in sixteenth-century university documents of Bologna and Ferrara, in John Florio's Italian-English dictionary of 1598, and in a Spanish document of the late sixteenth or early seventeenth century. Eugenio Garin adds an example from a document of the Studio di Pisa of 1525. This short article will contribute five additional vernacular uses oiumanista in Italy between 1540 and 1574.

scholarly journals Needlework and Moral Instruction in English Seventeenth-Century Households: the Case of Rebecca

2014 ◽  
Vol 50 ◽  
pp. 254-268
Author(s):  
Amanda Pullan
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
Young Women ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Female Figures ◽  
Moral Instruction

In the seventeenth-century household, in which biblically themed decor was fashionable, many needlework projects included images of female biblical characters. Rebecca was among the most frequently embroidered. In both Protestant and Catholic traditions, Rebecca’s story, recorded in Genesis 24, was perceived as especially pertinent to the household. Depictions of her story appeared in the sixteenth-century picture Bibles which were dedicated to, and circulated among, Protestant and Catholic audiences in parts of western and central Europe. Rebecca also featured in Erhard Schön’s didactic illustrated woodcut,Zwölf Frawen des Alten Testaments(c.1530). Not all biblical stories involving female figures were included in these illustrated works, so the inclusion of her story suggests that Rebecca was perceived as a proper model for young women. Moreover, the absence of Rebecca from the large-scale tapestries which throughout the fourteenth to sixteenth centuries commonly depicted biblical scenes provides an important contrast to the popularity of her story in smaller-scale domestic needlework projects.

An Interjection of the Royal Prerogative Into the Legal and Ecclesiastical Affairs of Cheshire in the Fifteen Seventies

1973 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 226-236
Author(s):  
Michael B. Pulman
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Infinite Series ◽  
Central Government ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Successful Completion ◽  
The South ◽  
Definition Of

It has been remarked that the dissolution of the monasteries amounted to an infinite series of adjustments. This could hardly be more true than it is in the case of what happened to the lands of the dissolved abbey of St. Werburgh in Chester—a city about one hundred and seventy miles northwest of London, situated in a section of the country that was, at least compared with much of the south, uncouth and backward. Here the process of adjustment was so protracted, and in the end productive of so much acrimony, that the intervention of the highest authority in the land—that of the queen herself—was directly necessary for its successful completion, and, even with that intervention, a final concord was scarcely achieved before the 16th century gave way to the seventeenth. In Cheshire, the upheaval caused by the sudden disappearance of the regular Church was long in settling down. Settlement there was, eventually, but it was so slow in coming that one might consider amending the definition of the dissolution mentioned above to read: an infinite series of adjustments, almost infinitely prolonged.What happened in Cheshire can be seen from at least two viewpoints. It can be viewed as providing spectacular evidence as to who benefited the most from Henry VIII's attack upon the ecclesiastical institution; or it can be cited as a case study of just how the central government exercised its control over local affairs during the latter sixteenth century. Here I am concerned with both.

The Birth of Anglicanism

2004 ◽  
Vol 7 (35) ◽  
pp. 418-428 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diarmaid MacCulloch
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
New England ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
Canon Law ◽  
Northern Europe ◽  
Henry Viii ◽  
English Reformation ◽  
European Context ◽  
Middle Way

The paper surveys the English Reformation in the wider European context to demonstrate that the concept of ‘Anglicanism’ is hardly appropriate for the post-Reformation English Church in the sixteenth century: it was emphatically Protestant, linked to Reformed rather than Lutheran Protestantism. Henry VIII created a hybrid of a Church after breaking with Rome, but that was not unique in northern Europe. There were widespread attempts to find a ‘middle way’, the model being Cologne under Archbishop Hermann von Wied. Wied's efforts failed, but left admirers like Albert Hardenberg and Jan Laski, and their Reformations gradually moved towards those of central Europe—the first Reformed theologians. Edward VTs Reformation aligned itself with this new grouping, and produced prototypes of liturgy and theological formulary which endure to the present day—with the exception of a proposed reform of canon law, with its provisions for divorce. Elizabeth Ts 1559 religious settlement fossilised Edward's Church from autumn 1552. It made no concessions to Catholics, despite later A nglo- Catholic myth-making: minor adjustments were probably aimed at Lutherans. There is nevertheless a ‘Nicodemite’ association among the leading figures who steered the Settlement through its opening years. Important and unlikely survivals were cathedrals, uniquely preserved in a Protestant context and a source of future ideological Catholic ‘subversion’. Nevertheless the theological tone of the Elizabethan Church was a broadly-based Reformed Protestantism, aligned to Zürich rather than to Geneva. Early seventeenth-century Arminianism or Laudianism represented a new direction, and the Puritanism of New England may better represent the English Reformation than the ‘Anglican’ synthesis which came to fruition in the English Church after Charles II's restoration in 1660. In any case, Anglicanism continues to represent in uneasy but useful tension the two poles of theology contending for mastery in the century after Elizabeth Is coming to power.

Ruzante Angelo Beolco

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda Carroll
Keyword(s):  
16Th Century ◽  
Regional Dialects ◽  
Recent Scholarship ◽  
The Arts ◽  
Moral Superiority ◽  
University Of Padua ◽  
The University ◽  
Financial Transactions ◽  
Social Backgrounds

While much of the Italian literary world of the 16th century turned to measured Petrarchan modes expressed in stylized Tuscan, Angelo Beolco (b. c. 1494–d. 1542) (better known by his stage name Ruzante, Tuscanized by others as Ruzzante) wrote comic theatrical works of raw realism largely in regional dialects. Vaunting the “natural,” they featured the peasant Ruzante played by Beolco, the natural (illegitimate) son of a wealthy Paduan doctor and university administrator and probably a servant close to rural roots. Illegitimacy excluding him from heirship, Beolco joined the household of Alvise Cornaro, a wealthy non-patrician Venetian who lived in Padua and developed its farmlands while patronizing the arts. Beolco set some of his works in the country, peopled solely by peasants; others, set usually in Padua or Venice, add prosperous urbanites and play on differing social backgrounds and linguistic uses. Many questions concerning the works’ chronology remain, with several bearing signs of extensive rewriting. The Pastoral, which refers to the reopening of the University of Padua after the devastating wars of the League of Cambrai (1509–1517), is generally regarded as his first work. In 1521 and possibly 1518, he delivered a comic oration to Marco Cornaro as bishop of Padua. From 1520 to 1526, Venetian diarist Marin Sanudo (Marino Sanuto) recorded Beolco’s performances in Venice, usually together with his acting troupe. Invited by compagnie della calza, the societies of patrician youth that organized festivities, he enacted his plays at Carnival (Pastoral, Lettera giocosa, and others) and once even at a Ducal Palace wedding. Sanudo remarked on his facility with peasant dialect and on the inappropriate bawdiness and political insolence of some works and their staging. However, patrician interest was so great that one rehearsal caused important government committee meetings to be cancelled because their members were attending it (Betia?). While earlier research proposed that Alvise Cornaro’s patronage took Beolco to Venice, recent scholarship has demonstrated that the patrician families sponsoring and attending Beolco’s performances had conducted important financial transactions beginning in the 1460s with the Beolco family, which, as the richest family in Milan, financed the Sforza and sent members to conduct business in Venice; owned country property contiguous with theirs purchased with them; and had members who knew his father at the University of Padua. With the war, famine, and plague of the latter 1520s, Beolco’s works portrayed the sufferings of the peasants (Seconda oratione, Reduce, Bilora, and Dialogo facetissimo). From 1529 to 1532 he performed at the Este court in Ferrara and in 1533 in Padua (versions of the Moschetta, Fiorina, Piovana, Vacaria). His final works re-proposed the moral superiority of peasants (here urbanized servants) against the artifice and degeneracy of wealthy characters (Anconitana, 1534–1535?) and evoked the mythically peaceful farm of Lady Mirth (Lettera all’Alvaroto, 1536). He died in 1542 while rehearsing his friend Sperone Speroni’s Canace.

The History of Eyewitness Testimony and the Foundations of the "Lie Detector" in Austria and Italy

2021 ◽  
pp. 41-66
Author(s):  
Mauro Antonelli ◽  
Siegfried Ludwig Sporer
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
Lie Detection ◽  
Eyewitness Testimony ◽  
Legal Psychology ◽  
History Of ◽  
19Th And 20Th Century ◽  
University Of Padua ◽  
The University

Although little known, the theoretical and methodological roots of lie detection, in particular of the development of the so-called "lie detector", must be placed in central Europe, in particular in Germany, Austria, and later in Italy at the turn of the 19th and 20th century. Focusing on Austria and Italy, we trace this development from Hans Gross in Austria to Vittorio Benussi and his pupil Cesare L. Musatti in Italy. Benussi, initially active at the University of Graz and later at the University of Padua, was the mediating link between the Austrian and Italian legal psychology tradition.

Symbol Infancy

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Mazur
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Science Fiction ◽  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Symbolic Manipulation ◽  
Arithmetic Operations ◽  
Symbolic Algebra ◽  
First Approximation

This chapter discusses the evolution of symbolic algebra that began in the first half of the sixteenth century. Algebra was not always called algebra. In the mid-fifteenth century some Italian and Latin writers called it Regula rei e census. The twentieth-century mathematician and science fiction author Eric Temple Bell allegedly remarked that in the mid-seventeenth century, mathematicians were able to introduce negative and rational exponents because symbolic manipulation liberated their thinking from the wilderness of words. The chapter considers the contributions of the Arab algebraist al-Qalasādi, who used letters of the Arabic alphabet to denote arithmetic operations and whose notation was clearly an attempt at symbolizing algebra through abbreviations, a first approximation to what we would consider true symbols. It also examines how Italy cultivated the seeds of algebra, citing in particular Gerolamo Cardano's Ars Magna.

Roman Darowski. Filozofia w szkołach jezuickich w Polsce w XVI wieku [Philosophy in Jesuit Schools in Poland in the 16th Century]

1970 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 284-288
Author(s):  
Kazimierz Puchowski
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Educational System ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Society Of Jesus ◽  
Scholastic Philosophy

Scholarly dissertations dealing with the Jesuit educational system in Poland would more frequently emphasize the aspects of its decline rather than those of its prosperity. More recent research, however, based on numerous sources, enables one to see this system in a new, more objective light as well as giving an unbiased picture of the situation. Written by Roman Darowski SJ (professor at the Philosophical Faculty of the Society of Jesus in Kraköw), eminent specialist in scholastic philosophy, it is the first work to be devoted to the philosophy of Polish Jesuits, which was inseparable from their scholarly and didactic activities. It spans the last three decades of the sixteenth century and a few years of the seventeenth century, i.e. the beginning of the activity of the Societas Jesu in this country.

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