Some current objectives and the main role of judicial psychology in modern society

Legal psychology is an interdisciplinary field related to general psychology, social psychology and the science of law and is concerned with the issues of the human aspects of jurisprudence. The psychological nature of legal issues indicates the needs for and the importance of review theoretical and practical-applied objectives. The purpose of this article is to examine the classical objectives of legal psychology, to identify new objectives and to elucidate the main role of forensic psychology in modern society. The results obtained by the method of comprehensive analysis and narrative description indicate the importance of emphasizing the role of interdisciplinary investigations in forensic psychology adjusted to reality, identifying new paradigms and specific methodologies for studying behavior in the judicial process. Studies in forensic psychology that refer to the problems caused by the decisions of the judge or defendant and the identified solutions have extended to the psychology of consent, which indicates the need for epistemological and methodological updating of the object of study in legal psychology.

Legal enlightenment in Russia: modern problems of theory and practice

The article examines the history of the development of legal enlightenment in Russia, its modern legal regulation, as well as the theoretical basis associated with its implementation. Revealing the paramount importance of legal enlightenment for the formation of civil society and state of law, the authors point out the need to create a unified system of normative legal acts regulating this activity. Currently, the legal regulation of the activities of various subjects of legal enlightenment is unsystematic, since at different levels there are a large number of unrelated legal acts, which makes it difficult to achieve the goals of legal enlightenment. Among other things, the study carried out a comprehensive theoretical analysis of activities in legal enlightenment, on the basis of which the authors, on the one hand, conclude about the unity of rational and irrational moments in this activity, on the other, about the primary impact on the emotional-volitional side of a person in the process of legal enlightenment. Linking the structure of legal enlightenment with elements of legal awareness legal ideology and legal psychology, the authors point to the unity of legal training and legal literacy with in the framework of legal enlightenment, offering their definition of the concept of legal enlightenment.

ABOUT THE PROBLEM OF PSYCHOLOGICAL REQUIREMENTS FOR THE PERSONALITY OF THE LEADER IN LEGAL PSYCHOLOGY

Today, the heads of the internal affairs bodies of the Russian Federation represent a fairly large share in the staffing of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. The article provides an overview of approaches to the requirements for the personality of a leader in foreign and domestic psychology, as well as a theoretical analysis of these approaches within the framework of legal psychology. Management researchers have always set themselves the task of establishing the optimal structure of the qualities that an effective leader should have. A scientific direction that has formed in the psychology of management, within the framework of which attempts were made to determine this set of qualities, diagnose their presence and outline a system of actions for their formation and development.

The SAVE Metaprotocol for Behavior Analysis. An integrative proposal

We present the System of Analysis of Validity in Evaluation (SAVE), as a potentially useful method for professionals in the field of Legal Psychology and other Forensic Sciences, understood as any discipline that integrates formal aspects from the forensic, behavioral and legal sciences, with a purely applied orientation. According to Muñoz, et al. (2011), "The great challenge of current Forensic Psychology, from a technical point of view, is in two areas: a) the creation of assessment instruments and methods appropriate to the context of forensic exploration (that are able to circumvent the defensive and manipulative attitude of the examinees while maintaining high parameters of reliability and validity and the object of the same (that allow psycho-legal inferences); and b) consolidate technical criteria based on empirical evidence to support their expert considerations." "Method" comes from the Latin methodus and this from the Greek, μέθοδος, meaning, "the way to follow", the steps to be taken to carry out something, the procedure or protocol. It refers both to a properly structured, organized, and systematic way to reach a purpose or result and to the way of proceeding, thinking, acting or behaving, expertise or habit that each one has and observes. Also, the work of art, specialty, or science; for example, in philosophy, the method is the process followed in a study to find the truth and teach it. The interview and other diverse research techniques would not be - in this sense - a method, but only devices, tools of the method, and this, a process used in a theoretical framework (Nateras González, 2005), as occurs with the clinical method (Ilizástegui & Rodríguez, 1990). That is the objective of SAVE, to be the method for an orderly, flexible, logical, and adapted to each area application of the most appropriate techniques and tools for the evaluation to be performed. Combining different points of view and structuring what, in many cases, is performed today individually and intuitively (Domínguez-Muñoz, et al., 2017a; Muñoz, 2013). As a Metaprotocol, it integrates and locates various tools previously based on empirical evidence and validated for independent use, from VAS to TOMM to indirect personality profiling. Its application is being initiated in diverse but related fields such as forensic (Domínguez-Muñoz, et al., 2018) or evaluative medicine (Domínguez-Muñoz, et al., 2017b), criminal behavior analysis, expert psychology, insurance fraud, etc. They have in common with Forensic Psychology the high frequency of deception "phenomena that take on special relevance in the forensic context" (Muñoz, 2013). Therefore, we present SAVE in this area where professionals and experts from many fields of knowledge can access, review, question and criticize the proposed method, to make it as useful as possible in the daily practice of those who consider its use in some of the areas of Forensic Sciences; specifically, in Legal Psychology, especially in our understanding, Forensic Psychology, Criminal Psychology, Testimony and Criminal Psychology (Muñoz, et al., 2011).

The concept of an adolescent personality “self-state” with a criminal type of self-consciousness

In the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries, theoretical ideas about the personality of deviant and delinquent teenagers reached a new level. Methods, models and explanatory schemes of stress psychology, family psychology, pathopsychology, mental trauma, hereditary and personality deformations penetrated legal psychology along with traditional methods of age, differential, pedagogical and social psychology, in the context of which specialists tried to create universal, internally consistent theories of juvenile delinquency. However, all known attempts led to another more or less realistic private theory or approach, usually leaving unanswered questions concerning time, meaning and meaninglessness, spirituality and immorality of society, loneliness and alienation of a person. Simple explanations of the causes of crime and effective measures to combat it have been and continue to be offered. Psychological science currently demonstrates an obvious inability to answer, at least, the basic methodological questions of the personality development of adolescents. A 15-year-old teenager with a tendency to criminal behavior is likely to be the most difficult object of cognition. Internal inconsistency, ambivalence of the adolescent’s attitudes, reactions and behavior make us to pay attention to the study of his consciousness and self-consciousness, the evolution of thinking, mechanisms of reflection, the history of the life line formation again. In this context, we are developing the concept of “self-state” of a teenager personality, which goes back to the ideas of L.S. Vygotsky, as well as numerous studies by domestic and foreign authors. The main objective of this article is to substantiate the concept of “adolescent personality self-state”, its validation and operationalization. As there is virtually no such concept in psychology, the validation process will consist in substantiating the basic sources and mechanisms of its emergence, as well as in reflecting those qualities of personality that are denoted by the concept of “personality self-state”.

Intersubjectivity legal culture of young people.

Introduction: from the perspective of a synergetic approach, the article attempts to reflect the conditions for the formation of the legal culture of young people, as a state of legal awareness, legality, perfection of legislation and legal practice, expressing the status of law as a certain social value realized in the process of modern education in a pedagogical university, which allows us to implement a system of legal attitudes that reflect the attitude of Russian citizens to the current law, to legal practice, to human rights, freedoms and duties. Materials and methods: the use of the method of humanitarian expertise determines the direction of human activity in modern society, clearly identifies the main discourses of the assignment of the subject of education to the norms of legal culture; legal ideology; types of legal consciousness according to the degree of their generality and content. Results of the study: as a result of the rapid examination, which includes the generalization and systematization of reflexive knowledge about the state of legal culture of Russian students, their ideas about the rule of law and legality, lawful and illegal behavior, updated law enforcement acts, conclusions are drawn about the unfolding of certain aspects of public and individual consciousness, the object of which is legislation as a whole, from the standpoint of intentionality, performativity, media; on the identification of risks in the organization of training of modern pedagogical personnel-the main translators of law, freedom and duties of the individual; on the actualization of the norms of legal psychology that express the attitude of various social groups to the law, to the system of legal institutions operating in society; on the formation of a different legal ideology from the existing legal phenomena of public life; on the generation of samples of purposeful activities of state bodies and the public to form a legal culture among citizens.

The History of Eyewitness Testimony and the Foundations of the "Lie Detector" in Austria and Italy

Although little known, the theoretical and methodological roots of lie detection, in particular of the development of the so-called "lie detector", must be placed in central Europe, in particular in Germany, Austria, and later in Italy at the turn of the 19th and 20th century. Focusing on Austria and Italy, we trace this development from Hans Gross in Austria to Vittorio Benussi and his pupil Cesare L. Musatti in Italy. Benussi, initially active at the University of Graz and later at the University of Padua, was the mediating link between the Austrian and Italian legal psychology tradition.

Psychological features of the Police employees

Psychological characteristics of police officers are now thoroughly investigated in legal psychology. At the same time development of the problem was, both in terms of psychological analysis of the structure of professional law enforcement officers, and in terms of the psychological characteristics its inherent set of psychological characteristics. Even the cursory reviews of the basic psychological characteristics and structural elements of the employee’s professional activity shows how complex and multifaceted its activities. It makes them a variety of requirements, among which one of the most important - having developed important professional qualities of the individual.

Child’s Illusion of Legal Certainty in Jerome Frank’s Legal Psychology

Publication of the book “Law and the Modern Mind” in 1930 by J. Frank became one of the starting points in the history of American legal realism. The problem of legal certainty is central in the work of J. Frank. For him the vital question was why lawyers, judges and general public “believe in” and “rely on” the myth of certainty and exactness of the legal rules. One of the reasons J. Frank finds in our childish way of thinking that is tend to fixed, stable and immutable set of mechanical rules. According to the works of child psychologists, J. Frank elaborated and described the childish illusion of world’s clarity, the important element of which is the connection of the child with his father, and its counterpart in adult’s desire for legal certainty.

Evolution of the Institution of Insanity in English Law

The article studies the genesis and evolution of the insanity institute in the English law using historical and legal as well as comparative and legal methodologies. Special focus is given to the psychological and legal aspects of insanity. The material is presented in the habitual way to the Russian reader, i.e. didactically, all the distinctive features of the following are preserved: statutory and case law, English criminal psychology and forensic psychiatry. On the basis of exploring foreign and Russian scientific publications on criminal law and legal psychology the analysis of the milestones in development of the insanity institute is done. Critical reflection was employed upon the psychological and judicial doctrines, statutes and precedents that legislate certain aspects of insanity. The article analyses the "non compos mentis" rule, “wild-beast-test”, McNathan's Rules, Caldwell's test as well as the legislative acts regulating particular aspects of insanity. Some of the precedents and doctrinal provisions of the English law have never been translated into Russian and are introduced into the scientific circulation for the first time.