scholarly journals Transcranial magnetic stimulation in cognitive neuroscience: Methodological basis and safety

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 25-44
Author(s):  
Ilya S. Bakulin ◽  
◽  
Alexandra G. Poydasheva ◽  
Alexey A. Medyntsev ◽  
Natalia A. Suponeva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Cognitive Neuroscience ◽  
Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Functional Brain Mapping ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Cognitive Studies ◽  
Virtual Lesion ◽  
Developing Method

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is an intensively developing method of non-invasive brain stimulation. TMS is widely used in cognitive neuroscience to study the causal role of various cortical areas in visual perception, memory, attention, speech, and other cognitive functions. The article discusses the general principles and main directions of TMS applications in cognitive research as well as the modern aspects of using online TMS protocols for the creation of a temporary “virtual lesion”, functional brain mapping, and chronometric studies. Possible applications of offline TMS protocols for long-term modulation of the stimulated cortical area activity are also discussed. Methodological features of TMS studies, including targeting methods, as well as the frequency and intensity of stimulation, are highlighted. The article also describes the possibilities of combining TMS with other methods. Finally, the safety aspects of TMS in healthy subjects in the context of cognitive studies are discussed

scholarly journals Repeated Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and Nursing Care: A Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 582-591
Author(s):  
Maryam Amini ◽  
◽  
Reza Zeighami ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Psychiatric Nurses ◽  
Significant Treatment ◽  
Nursing Knowledge ◽  
Therapeutic Environment ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Anesthetic Drugs

Repeated Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (RTMS) therapy is one of the modern treatment methods for various neurological and psychiatric diseases. With the clinical advancement of new therapies, there is a need to increase nursing knowledge, various practical skills, and new ways of organizing care. This study aims to review the rTMS, and the role of psychiatric nurses before, during and after rTMS. The search was conducted in IranMedex, PubMed, Elsevier, Google Scholar, Ovid, and SID databases using the keywords: Repeated transcranial magnetic stimulation, long-term potential, mental nerve, psychiatric nursing both in English and Persian. Initial search yielded 42 articles, of which 24 were selected for the review. Treatment with rTMS can cause significant treatment effects. It has low complications, and is non-invasive and painless. The patient is conscious during the treatment process and is safe from the effects of anesthetic drugs. This method is also effective for people who are resistant to treatment. The psychiatric nurses play an important role in rTMS and teach patients on the formation of realistic expectations and the establishment of systems that ensure the continuity of safety and care. Moreover, they can assess clinical problems and work with the patients to create a therapeutic environment.

Somatic treatments

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond W. Lam
Keyword(s):  
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Electroconvulsive Therapy ◽  
Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Light Therapy ◽  
Limited Data ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Resistant Depression ◽  
Term Management

• Wake therapy, exercise and light therapy are non-invasive and clinically useful treatments.• Electroconvulsive therapy remains an effective, safe and well-tolerated treatment for patients with severe, psychotic or medication-resistant depression.• Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation is an emerging treatment with evidence for acute efficacy, but with limited data about long-term management....

scholarly journals Alertness fluctuations during task performance modulate cortical evoked responses to transcranial magnetic stimulation

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valdas Noreika ◽  
Marc R. Kamke ◽  
Andrés Canales-Johnson ◽  
Srivas Chennu ◽  
Tristan A. Bekinschtein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Cognitive Neuroscience ◽  
Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Motor Evoked Potentials ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Single Pulse ◽  
Neural Recording ◽  
Neural Responses ◽  
Spontaneous Fluctuations

ABSTRACTTranscranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has been widely used in human cognitive neuroscience to examine the causal role of distinct cortical areas in perceptual, cognitive and motor functions. However, it is widely acknowledged that the effects of focal cortical stimulation on behaviour can vary substantially between participants and even from trial to trial within individuals. Here we asked whether spontaneous fluctuations in alertness can account for the variability in behavioural and neurophysiological responses to TMS. We combined single-pulse TMS with neural recording via electroencephalography (EEG) to quantify changes in motor and cortical reactivity with fluctuating levels of alertness defined objectively on the basis of ongoing brain activity. We observed rapid, non-linear changes in TMS-evoked neural responses – specifically, motor evoked potentials and TMS-evoked cortical potentials – as EEG activity indicated decreasing levels of alertness, even while participants remained awake and responsive in the behavioural task.IMPACT STATEMENTA substantial proportion of inter-trial variability in neurophysiological responses to TMS is due to spontaneous fluctuations in alertness, which should be controlled for during experimental and clinical applications of TMS.

scholarly journals Response to Ruby et al: On a ‘failed’ attempt to manipulate conscious perception with transcranial magnetic stimulation to prefrontal cortex

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anil Seth ◽  
Adam Barrett ◽  
David J Schwartzman ◽  
Daniel Bor
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Cognitive Neuroscience ◽  
Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Signal Detection Theory ◽  
Good Practice ◽  
Initial Study ◽  
Good Evidence ◽  
Prefrontal Cortical

Does disruption of prefrontal cortical activity using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) impair visual metacognition? An initial study supporting this idea (Rounis, Maniscalco, Rothwell, Passingham, & Lau, 2010) motivated an attempted replication and extension (Bor, Schwartzman, Barrett, & Seth, 2017). Bor et al. failed to replicate the initial study, concluding that there was not good evidence that TMS to prefrontal cortex impairs visual metacognition. This failed replication has recently been critiqued by some of the authors of the initial study (Ruby, Maniscalco, Lau, & Peters, 2017). Here, we argue that these recent criticisms are misplaced. In responding to the criticisms of Ruby et al, we encounter some more general issues concerning good practice in replication of cognitive neuroscience studies, and in setting criteria for excluding data when employing statistical analyses like signal detection theory. We look forward to further studies of the role of prefrontal cortex in metacognition, with increasingly refined methodologies, motivated by the discussions in this series of papers.

scholarly journals Cognitive Impairment and Celiac Disease: Is Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation a Trait d’Union between Gut and Brain?

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (8) ◽  
pp. 2243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Lanza ◽  
Rita Bella ◽  
Mariagiovanna Cantone ◽  
Giovanni Pennisi ◽  
Raffaele Ferri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Celiac Disease ◽  
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Neuroprotective Effect ◽  
Neurological Involvement ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Systemic Disorder ◽  
Assessment And Monitoring ◽  
Stimulation Technique

Celiac disease is a systemic disorder with multifactorial pathogenesis and multifaceted symptomatology. In response to gluten exposure, a significant part of the general population produces antibodies that have been hypothesized to be deleterious to the brain. Among the well-known neurological manifestations, adult celiac patients often complain cognitive symptoms, ranging from the so-called “brain fog” till an overt dementia. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive brain stimulation technique that can contribute to the assessment and monitoring of celiac patients, even in those without a clear neurological involvement. The studies here reviewed seem to converge on an impaired central motor conductivity and a “hyperexcitable celiac brain” to TMS, which partially reverts back after a long-term gluten restriction. Notably, a clear hyperexcitability is a stably reported feature of both degenerative and vascular dementia. Therefore, given its potential neuroprotective effect, the gluten-free diet should be introduced as early as possible, although the overall response of neurological symptoms (and cognition in particular) is still controversial. Identifying new and possibly modifiable risk factors may be of crucial importance for patients, clinicians, and researchers.

scholarly journals Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Alleviates Levodopa-Induced Dyskinesia in Parkinson's Disease and the Related Mechanisms: A Mini-Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi Wu ◽  
Xue-bing Cao ◽  
Wei-qi Zeng ◽  
Heng Zhai ◽  
Xiao-qian Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Brain Connectivity ◽  
Specific Treatment ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Flow Modulation ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Treatment Mechanisms

After long-term use of levodopa, Parkinson's patients almost inevitably develop dyskinesia, a kind of drug side effect manifesting as uncontrollable choreic movements and dystonia, which could be crippling yet have limited therapeutic options. Transcranial magnetic stimulation is the most widely studied non-invasive neuromodulation technology to treat levodopa-induced dyskinesia. Many studies have shown that transcranial magnetic stimulation has beneficial effects on levodopa-induced dyskinesia and is patient-tolerable, barely with reported adverse effects. Changes in brain connectivity, neuroplasticity, neurotransmitter, neurorestoration, and blood flow modulation could play crucial roles in the efficacy of transcranial magnetic stimulation for levodopa-induced dyskinesia. The appearance of new modes and application for emerging targets are possible solutions for transcranial magnetic stimulation to achieve sustained efficacy. Since the sample size in all available studies is small, more randomized double-blind controlled studies are needed to elucidate the specific treatment mechanisms and optimize treatment parameters.

scholarly journals Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Tremor Syndromes: Pathophysiologic Insights and Therapeutic Role

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Frey ◽  
Christopher W. Hess ◽  
Liam Kugler ◽  
Manahil Wajid ◽  
Aparna Wagle Shukla
Keyword(s):  
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Movement Disorder ◽  
Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Orthostatic Tremor ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Therapeutic Benefits ◽  
Oscillatory Movement ◽  
Small Patient

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a painless, non-invasive, and established brain stimulation technique to investigate human brain function. Over the last three decades, TMS has shed insight into the pathophysiology of many neurological disorders. Tremor is an involuntary, rhythmic oscillatory movement disorder commonly related to pathological oscillations propagated via the cerebello-thalamo-cortical pathway. Although tremor is the most common movement disorder and recent imaging studies have enhanced our understanding of the critical pathogenic networks, the underlying pathophysiology of different tremor syndromes is complex and still not fully understood. TMS has been used as a tool to further our understanding of tremor pathophysiology. In addition, repetitive TMS (rTMS) that can modulate brain functions through plasticity effects has been targeted to the tremor network to gain potential therapeutic benefits. However, evidence is available for only a few studies that included small patient samples with limited clinical follow-up. This review aims to discuss the role of TMS in advancing the pathophysiological understanding as well as emerging applications of rTMS for treating individual tremor syndromes. The review will focus on essential tremor, Parkinson's disease tremor, dystonic tremor syndrome, orthostatic tremor, and functional tremor.

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