scholarly journals Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Alleviates Levodopa-Induced Dyskinesia in Parkinson's Disease and the Related Mechanisms: A Mini-Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi Wu ◽  
Xue-bing Cao ◽  
Wei-qi Zeng ◽  
Heng Zhai ◽  
Xiao-qian Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Brain Connectivity ◽  
Specific Treatment ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Flow Modulation ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Treatment Mechanisms

After long-term use of levodopa, Parkinson's patients almost inevitably develop dyskinesia, a kind of drug side effect manifesting as uncontrollable choreic movements and dystonia, which could be crippling yet have limited therapeutic options. Transcranial magnetic stimulation is the most widely studied non-invasive neuromodulation technology to treat levodopa-induced dyskinesia. Many studies have shown that transcranial magnetic stimulation has beneficial effects on levodopa-induced dyskinesia and is patient-tolerable, barely with reported adverse effects. Changes in brain connectivity, neuroplasticity, neurotransmitter, neurorestoration, and blood flow modulation could play crucial roles in the efficacy of transcranial magnetic stimulation for levodopa-induced dyskinesia. The appearance of new modes and application for emerging targets are possible solutions for transcranial magnetic stimulation to achieve sustained efficacy. Since the sample size in all available studies is small, more randomized double-blind controlled studies are needed to elucidate the specific treatment mechanisms and optimize treatment parameters.

Somatic treatments

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond W. Lam
Keyword(s):  
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Electroconvulsive Therapy ◽  
Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Light Therapy ◽  
Limited Data ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Resistant Depression ◽  
Term Management

• Wake therapy, exercise and light therapy are non-invasive and clinically useful treatments.• Electroconvulsive therapy remains an effective, safe and well-tolerated treatment for patients with severe, psychotic or medication-resistant depression.• Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation is an emerging treatment with evidence for acute efficacy, but with limited data about long-term management....

scholarly journals Transcranial magnetic stimulation: studying the brain--behaviour relationship by induction of ‘virtual lesions’

1999 ◽  
Vol 354 (1387) ◽  
pp. 1229-1238 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alvaro Pascual-Leone
Keyword(s):  
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Brain Connectivity ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Causal Link ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Invasive Method ◽  
Normal Humans ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Neuroimaging Techniques

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) provides a non-invasive method of induction of a focal current in the brain and transient modulation of the function of the targeted cortex. Despite limited understanding about focality and mechanisms of action, TMS provides a unique opportunity of studying brain-behaviour relations in normal humans. TMS can enhance the results of other neuroimaging techniques by establishing the causal link between brain activity and task performance, and by exploring functional brain connectivity.

scholarly journals Cognitive Impairment and Celiac Disease: Is Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation a Trait d’Union between Gut and Brain?

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (8) ◽  
pp. 2243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Lanza ◽  
Rita Bella ◽  
Mariagiovanna Cantone ◽  
Giovanni Pennisi ◽  
Raffaele Ferri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Celiac Disease ◽  
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Neuroprotective Effect ◽  
Neurological Involvement ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Systemic Disorder ◽  
Assessment And Monitoring ◽  
Stimulation Technique

Celiac disease is a systemic disorder with multifactorial pathogenesis and multifaceted symptomatology. In response to gluten exposure, a significant part of the general population produces antibodies that have been hypothesized to be deleterious to the brain. Among the well-known neurological manifestations, adult celiac patients often complain cognitive symptoms, ranging from the so-called “brain fog” till an overt dementia. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive brain stimulation technique that can contribute to the assessment and monitoring of celiac patients, even in those without a clear neurological involvement. The studies here reviewed seem to converge on an impaired central motor conductivity and a “hyperexcitable celiac brain” to TMS, which partially reverts back after a long-term gluten restriction. Notably, a clear hyperexcitability is a stably reported feature of both degenerative and vascular dementia. Therefore, given its potential neuroprotective effect, the gluten-free diet should be introduced as early as possible, although the overall response of neurological symptoms (and cognition in particular) is still controversial. Identifying new and possibly modifiable risk factors may be of crucial importance for patients, clinicians, and researchers.

scholarly journals Transcranial magnetic stimulation in cognitive neuroscience: Methodological basis and safety

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 25-44
Author(s):  
Ilya S. Bakulin ◽  
◽  
Alexandra G. Poydasheva ◽  
Alexey A. Medyntsev ◽  
Natalia A. Suponeva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Cognitive Neuroscience ◽  
Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Functional Brain Mapping ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Cognitive Studies ◽  
Virtual Lesion ◽  
Developing Method

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is an intensively developing method of non-invasive brain stimulation. TMS is widely used in cognitive neuroscience to study the causal role of various cortical areas in visual perception, memory, attention, speech, and other cognitive functions. The article discusses the general principles and main directions of TMS applications in cognitive research as well as the modern aspects of using online TMS protocols for the creation of a temporary “virtual lesion”, functional brain mapping, and chronometric studies. Possible applications of offline TMS protocols for long-term modulation of the stimulated cortical area activity are also discussed. Methodological features of TMS studies, including targeting methods, as well as the frequency and intensity of stimulation, are highlighted. The article also describes the possibilities of combining TMS with other methods. Finally, the safety aspects of TMS in healthy subjects in the context of cognitive studies are discussed

scholarly journals Repeated Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and Nursing Care: A Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 582-591
Author(s):  
Maryam Amini ◽  
◽  
Reza Zeighami ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Psychiatric Nurses ◽  
Significant Treatment ◽  
Nursing Knowledge ◽  
Therapeutic Environment ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Anesthetic Drugs

Repeated Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (RTMS) therapy is one of the modern treatment methods for various neurological and psychiatric diseases. With the clinical advancement of new therapies, there is a need to increase nursing knowledge, various practical skills, and new ways of organizing care. This study aims to review the rTMS, and the role of psychiatric nurses before, during and after rTMS. The search was conducted in IranMedex, PubMed, Elsevier, Google Scholar, Ovid, and SID databases using the keywords: Repeated transcranial magnetic stimulation, long-term potential, mental nerve, psychiatric nursing both in English and Persian. Initial search yielded 42 articles, of which 24 were selected for the review. Treatment with rTMS can cause significant treatment effects. It has low complications, and is non-invasive and painless. The patient is conscious during the treatment process and is safe from the effects of anesthetic drugs. This method is also effective for people who are resistant to treatment. The psychiatric nurses play an important role in rTMS and teach patients on the formation of realistic expectations and the establishment of systems that ensure the continuity of safety and care. Moreover, they can assess clinical problems and work with the patients to create a therapeutic environment.

Assessment and modulation of cortical inhibition using transcranial magnetic stimulation

e-Neuroforum ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Vlachos ◽  
Klaus Funke ◽  
Ulf Ziemann
Keyword(s):  
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Neuronal Networks ◽  
Cortical Excitability ◽  
Cortical Inhibition ◽  
Excitatory Synapses ◽  
Long Term Depression ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Synaptic Changes

Abstract:Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive brain stimulation technique, which is used for diagnostic, therapeutic and scientific purposes in the field of neurology and psychiatry. It is based on the physical principle of electromagnetic induction and allows for the local activation of cortical areas through the intact skull of conscious humans. When applied repeatedly (repetitive TMS; rTMS) sustained changes of cortical excitability can be observed. Hence, TMS resembles a promising approach for assessing and modulating neuronal networks in a non-invasive manner. However, despite its broad clinical application, the cellular and molecular mechanisms of rTMS-based therapies remain not well understood. Established therapeutic concepts assume that pathologically altered cortical excitability is normalised, which may involve ‘long-term potentiation’ or ‘long-term depression’ of excitatory synapses. Indeed, animal studies demonstrate that rTMS induces long-term changes of excitatory neurotransmission. However, it is unclear through which mechanisms synaptic changes, which are caused by external electromagnetic activation of the cortex and therefore are not specific for context or behaviour, could have a positive impact on complex brain function. More recent findings suggest that not only excitatory but also inhibitory neuronal networks are modulated by rTMS. It was shown for example that 10 Hz rTMS leads to a calcium-dependent long-term depression of inhibitory GABAergic synapses. Since the reduction of inhibitory neurotransmission (= disinhibition) is considered important for the expression of associative plasticity at excitatory synapses, it is conceivable that rTMS-induced disinhibition may promote context- and behaviour-specific synaptic changes. Hence, the model of

Connectivity Guided Theta Burst Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Versus Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Treatment Resistant Moderate to Severe Depression: Magnetic Resonance Imaging Protocol and SARS COVID-19 induced changes for a Randomised Double-blind Controlled Trial (BRIGhTMIND) (Preprint)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Pszczolkowski ◽  
William J. Cottam ◽  
Paul M. Briley ◽  
Sarina J. Iwabuchi ◽  
Catherine Kaylor-Hughes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Brain Connectivity ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Treatment Resistant ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Mri Guidance ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal ◽  
The Brain

BACKGROUND Depression is a significant health and economic burden. In approximately one third of patients, depression is resistant to first line treatments and therefore it is essential that alternative treatments are found. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a neuromodulatory treatment involving the application of magnetic pulses to the brain that is approved in the UK and the US in treatment resistant depression. This trial aims to compare the clinical effectiveness, cost-effectiveness and mechanism of action between standard treatment repetitive TMS (rTMS) targeted at the F3 EEG site, with a newer treatment – a type of TMS called theta-burst stimulation (TBS) targeted based on measures of functional brain connectivity. This protocol outlines the brain imaging acquisition and analysis for the BRIGhTMIND trial that is used to create personalised TMS targets and answer the proposed mechanistic hypotheses. OBJECTIVE The objectives of the imaging arm of the BRIGhTMIND study are to identify functional and neurochemical brain signatures indexing the treatment mechanisms of rTMS and cgiTBS and to identify imaging-based markers predicting response to treatment. METHODS The study is a randomised double-blind controlled trial with 1:1 allocation to either 20 sessions of a) TBS or b) standard rTMS. Multimodal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is acquired per participant at baseline (prior to TMS treatment) with T1-weighted and task-free functional MRI during rest (rsfMRI) utilised to estimate TMS targets. For participants enrolled in the mechanistic substudy additional diffusion-weighted, sequences are acquired at baseline and at post-treatment follow-up 16 weeks after treatment randomisation. Core datasets of T1-weighted and task-free functional MRI during rest (rsfMRI) are acquired for all participants and utilised to estimate TMS targets. Additional sequences of arterial spin labelling, magnetic resonance spectroscopy and diffusion-weighted images are acquired dependent on recruitment site for mechanistic evaluation. Standard rTMS treatment is targeted at the F3 electrode site over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex whilst TBS treatment is guided using the coordinate of peak effective connectivity from the right anterior insula to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Both treatment targets benefit from a level of MRI-guidance but only TBS is provided with precision targeting based on functional brain connectivity. RESULTS Recruitment began January 2019 and is ongoing. Data collection is expected to continue until January 2023. CONCLUSIONS This trial will determine the impact of precision MRI guidance on rTMS treatment, and furthermore, assess the neural mechanisms underlying this treatment in treatment resistant depressed patients. CLINICALTRIAL International Standard Randomized Controlled Trial Number (ISRCTN) 19674644; https://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN19674644. Registered 2nd October 2018.

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