scholarly journals Motor control times and strategies in left- and right-handed participants: Behavioral evidence for the hemispheric distribution of motor planning

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neda Sadeghi ◽  
Mohammad Ali Nazari ◽  
Ali Shahbazi ◽  
Mohammad Taghi Joghataei
Keyword(s):  
Motor Control ◽  
Motor Planning ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
Behavioral Evidence

Differential Diagnosis between Apraxia and Dysarthria Based on Acoustic Analysis

2012 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 495-504 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia Melle ◽  
Carlos Gallego
Keyword(s):  
Motor Control ◽  
Acoustic Analysis ◽  
Normal Population ◽  
Motor Planning ◽  
Speech Disorders ◽  
Normative Values ◽  
Apraxia Of Speech ◽  
Acoustic Parameters ◽  
Sensorimotor Processing ◽  
Planning Processes

Acoustic analysis provides objective quantitative measures of speech that enable a comprehensive and accurate understanding of motor disorders and complement the traditional measures. This paper aims to distinguish between normal and pathological speech, more specifically between apraxia of speech and spastic dysarthria in native Spanish speaking patients using acoustic parameters. Participants (4 aphasic with apraxia of speech, 4 with spastic dysarthria, and 15 without speech disorders) performed three different tasks: repeating the syllable sequence [pa-ta-ka], repeating the isolated syllable [pa] and repeating the vowel sequence [i-u]. The results showed that the normative values of motor control, in general, coincide with those obtained in previous research on native English speakers. They also show that damage to motor control processes results in a decrease in the rate of alternating and sequential movements and an increase in the inter-syllabic time for both types of movements. A subset of the acoustic parameters analyzed, those that measure motor planning processes, enable differentiation between normal population and apraxic and dysarthric patients, and between the latter. The differences between the pathological groups support the distinction between motor planning and motor programming as described by van der Merwe's model of sensorimotor processing (1997).

scholarly journals Development and verification of individual motor control technology to improve the driving performance of independently rotating wheel type railway vehicle using hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) Simulator

2020 ◽  
pp. 002029402097756
Author(s):  
Yonho Cho
Keyword(s):  
Motor Control ◽  
Torque Control ◽  
Railway Vehicle ◽  
Control Technology ◽  
Hardware In The Loop ◽  
Restoring Force ◽  
Motor Torque ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Individual Motor

In order to realize the tram’s low-floor structure, most of the trams that have been recently introduced adopt an independently rotating wheelset. In the case of trains driving in two regions with different gauges, an independently rotating wheelset may be applied to utilize the variable track technology. Since the independent rotation type wheelset has no rotational restraint of the left and right wheels, the difference in rotational speed between the outer and inner wheels occurs naturally during curved driving, and it is applied to railroad vehicles traveling in sharp curve sections because it smoothly drives curved driving. However, the longitudinal creep force and the lateral restoring force are weakened as the left and right rotational constraints disappear. Lack of lateral direction restoring force weakens stability while causing continuous flange contact driving or zigzag phenomenon against disturbance. Under the conditions of driving in a sharp curve, these railway vehicles generate excessive wear, noise, and lateral pressure, as well as deterioration of ride comfort and derailment. In order to overcome these drawbacks, a method has been proposed in which the torque of a motor mounted on each wheel is individually controlled to generate lateral restoring force or to improve driving performance through lateral displacement control using a yaw moment. In this paper, development using HIL (hardware in the loop) simulator was performed to check the performance and stability of the individual motor torque control technology before verifying by applying the individual motor torque control to the actual vehicle. HIL simulator were constructed by combining a real-time dynamic analysis model of a railway vehicle with a drive motor to which real individual motor control was applied. Under the conditions of driving the test track where the actual test vehicle was tested, the analysis of the driving characteristics and the control characteristics of the disturbance was performed to confirm the proposed individual motor torque control performance.

scholarly journals Upper Limb Motor Planning in Individuals with Cerebral Palsy Aged between 3 and 21 Years Old: A Systematic Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 920
Author(s):  
Ophélie Martinie ◽  
Catherine Mercier ◽  
Andrew M. Gordon ◽  
Maxime T. Robert
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Palsy ◽  
Upper Limb ◽  
Motor Planning ◽  
Motor Task ◽  
Motor Execution ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Force Planning ◽  
Behavioral Evidence ◽  
Force Scaling ◽  
Very High

Individuals with cerebral palsy have difficulties performing activities of daily living. Beyond motor execution impairments, they exhibit motor planning deficits contributing to their difficulties. The objective of this review is to synthesize the behavioral evidence of motor planning deficits during an upper limb motor task in children, adolescents and young adults with cerebral palsy aged between 3 and 21 years. Methods: The inclusion criteria were: (1) including individuals with cerebral palsy from 3 to 21 years old; (2) assessing upper limb motor planning. Six databases were screened. The quality assessment of the studies was performed. Results: Forty-six studies and 686 participants were included. Five articles have been identified as very high quality, 12 as high, 20 as moderate, six as low, three as very low. Force planning studies reported a deficit for the more affected hand but adequate performances for the less affected hand. Object-manipulation studies reported hand posture planning deficits irrespectively of the hand assessed. Conclusions: Motor planning deficits has been shown in the more affected hand for force scaling, while the results for other variables showed overall deficits. Hence, variables affected by motor planning deficits in both hands should be considered in children with cerebral palsy to optimize intervention.

scholarly journals Stochastic optimal open-loop control as a theory of force and impedance planning via muscle co-contraction

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bastien Berret ◽  
Frédéric Jean
Keyword(s):  
Motor Control ◽  
Sensory Feedback ◽  
Neural Control ◽  
Motor Planning ◽  
Mechanical Impedance ◽  
Open Loop ◽  
Open Loop Control ◽  
Loop Control ◽  
Motor Commands ◽  
Neural Control Of Movement

AbstractUnderstanding the underpinnings of biological motor control is an important issue in movement neuroscience. Optimal control theory is a leading framework to rationalize this problem in computational terms. Previously, optimal control models have been devised either in deterministic or in stochastic settings to account for different aspects of motor control (e.g. average behavior versus trial-to-trial variability). While these approaches have yielded valuable insights about motor control, they typically fail explain a common phenomenon known as muscle co-contraction. Co-contraction of agonist and antagonist muscles contributes to modulate the mechanical impedance of the neuromusculoskeletal system (e.g. joint stiffness) and is thought to be mainly under the influence of descending signals from the brain. Here we present a theory suggesting that one primary goal of motor planning may be to issue feedforward (open-loop) motor commands that optimally specify both force and impedance, according to the noisy neuromusculoskeletal dynamics and to optimality criteria based on effort and variance. We show that the proposed framework naturally accounts for several previous experimental findings regarding the regulation of force and impedance via muscle co-contraction in the upper-limb. Optimal feedback (closedloop) control, preprogramming feedback gains but requiring on-line state estimation processes through long-latency sensory feedback loops, may then complement this nominal feedforward motor command to fully determine the limb’s mechanical impedance. The stochastic optimal open-loop control theory may provide new insights about the general articulation of feedforward/feedback control mechanisms and justify the occurrence of muscle co-contraction in the neural control of movement.Author summaryThis study presents a novel computational theory to explain the planning of force and impedance (e.g. stiffness) in the neural control of movement. It assumes that one main goal of motor planning is to elaborate feedforward motor commands that determine both the force and the impedance required for the task at hand. These feedforward motor commands (i.e. that are defined prior to movement execution) are designed to minimize effort and variance costs considering the uncertainty arising from sensorimotor noise. A major outcome of this mathematical framework is the explanation of a long-known phenomenon called muscle co-contraction (i.e. the concurrent contraction of opposing muscles). Muscle co-contraction has been shown to occur in many situations but previous modeling works struggled to account for it. Although effortful, co-contraction contributes to increase the robustness of motor behavior (e.g. small variance) upstream of sophisticated optimal feedback control processes that require state estimation from delayed sensory feedback to function. This work may have implications regarding our understanding of the neural control of movement in computational terms. It also provides a theoretical ground to explain how to optimally plan force and impedance within a general and versatile framework.

Motor planning and execution in left- and right-handed individuals during a bimanual grasping and placing task

2011 ◽  
Vol 138 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charmayne M.L. Hughes ◽  
Paola Reißig ◽  
Christian Seegelke
Keyword(s):  
Motor Planning ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
Bimanual Grasping ◽  
Grasping And Placing

Performance on a Fine Motor Task by Dominant Hemiplegics

1987 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 259-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. K. Shah ◽  
B. I. Cooper
Keyword(s):  
Motor Planning ◽  
Motor Task ◽  
Fine Motor ◽  
Test Task ◽  
Efficient Measure ◽  
Hand Performance ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
Timed Test ◽  
Left Hemisphere Stroke ◽  
Age And Sex

The left and right hand performance of 321 right-dominant older unimpaired persons on a timed test of fine motor planning was compared with that of 244 right-dominant patients with unilatereral brain damage following stroke, using the unaffected hand. The test task, a cost- and time-efficient measure of manipulative ability, differentiated between older unimpaired persons and hemiplegic patients but did not discriminate side affected. The significant effects of right and left hemisphere stroke, aphasia, advancing age, and sex differences on manipulative ability, and their implications, are discussed in relation to the literature on ideational apraxia.

scholarly journals The role of somatosensation in automatic visuo-motor control: a comparison of congenital and acquired sensory loss

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Chris Miall ◽  
Daria Afanasyeva ◽  
Jonathan D. Cole ◽  
Peggy Mason
Keyword(s):  
Motor Control ◽  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Dual Task ◽  
Motor Planning ◽  
Sensory Loss ◽  
Visually Guided ◽  
Trial Duration ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Drawing Tasks ◽  
Task Conditions

AbstractStudies of chronically deafferented participants have illuminated how regaining some motor control after adult-onset loss of proprioceptive and touch input depends heavily on cognitive control. In this study we contrasted the performance of one such man, IW, with KS, a woman born without any somatosensory fibres. We postulated that her life-long absence of proprioception and touch might have allowed her to automate some simple visually-guided actions, something IW appears unable to achieve. We tested these two, and two age-matched control groups, on writing and drawing tasks performed with and without an audio-verbal echoing task that added a cognitive demand. In common with other studies of skilled action, the dual task was shown to affect visuo-motor performance in controls, with less well-controlled drawing and writing, evident as increases in path speed and reduction in curvature and trial duration. We found little evidence that IW was able to automate even the simplest drawing tasks and no evidence for automaticity in his writing. In contrast, KS showed a selective increase in speed of signature writing under the dual-task conditions, suggesting some ability to automate her most familiar writing. We also tested tracing of templates under mirror-reversed conditions, a task that imposes a powerful cognitive planning challenge. Both IW and KS showed evidence of a visuo-motor planning conflict, as did the controls, for shapes with sharp corners. Overall, IW was much faster than his controls to complete tracing shapes, consistent with an absence of visuo-proprioceptive conflict, whereas KS was slower than her controls, especially as the corners became sharper. She dramatically improved after a short period of practice while IW did not. We conclude that KS, who developed from birth without proprioception, may have some visually derived control of movement not under cognitive control, something not seen in IW. This allowed her to automate some writing and drawing actions, but impaired her initial attempts at mirror-tracing. In contrast, IW, who lost somatosensation as an adult, cannot automate these visually guided actions.

scholarly journals Dissociation of motor control from motor awareness in awake sleepwalkers: An EEG study in virtual reality

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yannick Rothacher ◽  
Anh Nguyen ◽  
Evdokia Efthymiou ◽  
Esther Werth ◽  
Christian R. Baumann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Motor Control ◽  
Dual Tasking ◽  
Motor Awareness ◽  
Redirected Walking ◽  
Neural Underpinnings ◽  
Behavioral Evidence ◽  
Diagnostic Work ◽  
Work Up ◽  
Diagnostic Work Up

AbstractRecent behavioral evidence indicates that awake sleepwalkers show dissociation of motor control and motor awareness in a virtual reality (VR) paradigm. Intriguingly, this dissociation resembles the nocturnal disintegration of motor awareness and movement during episodes of sleepwalking. Here, we set out to examine the neural underpinnings of altered motor agency in sleepwalkers by measuring EEG modulation during redirected walking in VR. Using this approach, we discovered distinct EEG patterns in awake sleepwalkers indicating facilitated dual tasking and salient habitual motor control as compared to healthy subjects. These observations provide electrophysiological evidence for the proposed brain-body dissociation in awake sleepwalkers. In conclusion, this study shows proof-of-principle that EEG biomarkers of movement in a VR setting might add to the diagnostic work-up of awake sleepwalkers.

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