Devising an Orthography for the Cak Language by Using the Cak Script

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huziwara Keisuke ◽  
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Fundamental System ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Writing System ◽  
High Tone ◽  
Chittagong Hill Tracts ◽  
Loan Words

Cak (ISO 639-3 ckh) represents a Tibeto-Burman language spoken in the Chittagong Hill Tracts, Bangladesh. The language is known as Sak in Rakhaing State, Burma. The total number of native speakers of the language is estimated at approximately 3,000 in Bangladesh and 1,000 in Burma (Simons and Fennig eds. 2017). Although Cak and Sak are mutually understandable where native words are concerned, comprehensibility becomes arduous with Bangla loan words in Cak, and with Arakanese/Burmese loan words in Sak. Until recently, Cak/Sak did not have a script of its own. However, by the beginning of the 21st century, the Cak script was developed and finally published as Ong Khyaing Cak (2013), in which its fundamental system is described. Although well designed overall, the current Cak writing system found in Ong Khyaing Cak (2013) has several shortcomings. Huziwara (2015) discusses the following five instances: (a) No independent letter for /v/, (b) unnecessary letters for the non-phonemic elements such as the voiced aspirated stops and the retroflexes, (c) the arbitrary use of short and long vowel signs, (d) a frequent omission of high tone marks in checked syllables, and (e) multiple ways to denote coda consonants. In this paper, Huziwara (2015) will first be reviewed. Then, the basic phonetic correspondences between Cak in Bangladesh and Sak in Burma will be examined. Finally, based on these two discussions, an orthography to be employed in the forthcoming Cak-English-Bangla-Burmese dictionary, a revised version of Huziwara (2016), will be demonstrated.

Oral Approach Avoidance

2019 ◽  
Vol 66 (5) ◽  
pp. 355-360 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra Godinho ◽  
Margarida V. Garrido ◽  
Oleksandr V. Horchak
Keyword(s):  
Native Speakers ◽  
Writing System ◽  
Oral Movements ◽  
Motivational States ◽  
Oral Approach ◽  
Approach Avoidance ◽  
Abstract Words ◽  
European Family

Abstract. Words whose articulation resembles ingestion movements are preferred to words mimicking expectoration movements. This so-called in-out effect, suggesting that the oral movements caused by consonantal articulation automatically activate concordant motivational states, was already replicated in languages belonging to Germanic (e.g., German and English) and Italic (e.g., Portuguese) branches of the Indo-European family. However, it remains unknown whether such preference extends to the Indo-European branches whose writing system is based on the Cyrillic rather than Latin alphabet (e.g., Ukrainian), or whether it occurs in languages not belonging to the Indo-European family (e.g., Turkish). We replicated the in-out effect in two high-powered experiments ( N = 274), with Ukrainian and Turkish native speakers, further supporting an embodied explanation for this intriguing preference.

scholarly journals Pictures in Words – Kanji, Images in Literature – Sōshi

Ars Aeterna ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 11-20
Author(s):  
Sandra-Lucia Istrate
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Japanese Language ◽  
Writing System ◽  
14Th Century ◽  
Language And Literature ◽  
Ancient Times

Abstract From ancient times, the Japanese have been exploiting the image in as many ways as possible. They have used it in linguistics, literature, art - and the list is certainly much longer. Thus, the first part of my work tries to explain the importance of the kanji writing system and the “image” of a kanji, so that readers who do not understand the Japanese language can become familiar with it (origin, structure, mnemotechnics etc.). The second part of my work explains that later, in the 14th century, when “sōshi”or “zōshi” literature was born, n all of its books the relation between the text and the image was more than important. In the end, I conclude that the “image” is a defining element in understanding Japanese language and literature even in the 21st century.

scholarly journals TEN IMPORTANT ASPECTS OF A 21ST CENTURY FOREIGN LANGUAGE TEACHING APPROACH

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maripaz Garcia
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Language ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Language Teaching ◽  
Foreign Language Teaching ◽  
Hard Time ◽  
Rapid Changes ◽  
Foreign Language Instructors ◽  
Innovative Techniques

<p>Foreign language instructors want and need to keep up with the rapid changes in the field of foreign language teaching and learning, but sometimes have a hard time identifying which areas they should focus on (and within each area, what to do) to make their instruction in line with 21st century approaches. The present article describes 10 areas instructors should examine and reflect on (technology, culture, collaboration, interaction with native speakers, communication and grammar, materials, skills, content, motivation, and professional development) to assure they are using innovative techniques that reflect modern philosophies in the field of foreign and second language teaching. </p><p> </p><p><strong> Article visualizations:</strong></p><p><img src="/-counters-/edu_01/0761/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /></p>

scholarly journals Number Marking in English and Thali: A Contrastive Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 255
Author(s):  
Zafar Iqbal Bhatti ◽  
Muhammad Asad Habib ◽  
Tamsila Naeem
Keyword(s):  
Word Order ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Number System ◽  
Parts Of Speech ◽  
Linguistic Differences ◽  
Loan Words ◽  
Contrastive Study ◽  
Number Marking ◽  
Arabic Characters ◽  
And Gender

The aim of this paper is to explore the number system in Thali, a variety of Punjabi spoken by natives of Thal desert. There are three number categories singular, dual, and plural but all modern Indo Aryan languages have only singular and plural (Bashir &amp; Kazmi, 2012, p. 119). It is one of the indigenous languages of Pakistan from the Lahnda group as described by Grierson (1819) in his benchmark book Linguistic Survey of India. Layyah is one of the prominent areas of Thal regions. The native speakers of Thali use this sub dialect of Saraiki in their household and professional life. The linguistic boundaries of the present Siraiki belt have changed under different linguistic variational rules as described by Labov (1963), Trudgal (2004), Eckert (2002) and Meryhoff (2008). There are many differences between Thali and Saraiki, on phonological, morphological and orthographical levels. Husain (2017) has pointed out linguistic differences between Saraiki and Lahnda and Thali is one of the popular languages of Lahnda spoken in different parts of Thal regions. According to the local language activists, Thali has been greatly influenced by Saraiki and Punjabi. The lexicon of Thali is composed for 20% of Punjabi, 45% of Saraiki, and 5% of loan words particularly English. Another particularity is that Perso-Arabic characters are used to write Thali. The most distinguishing characteristics of Thali are its parts of speech, word order, case marking, verb conjugation and, finally, usage of grammatical categories in terms of number, person, tense, voice and gender. In this perspective, number marking is the area to focus on noun morphology and exclusively on the recognition of number system in Thali nouns. The analysis of linguistic systems including grammar, lexicon, and phonology provide sound justifications of number marking systems in languages of the world (Chohan &amp; Garc&iacute;a, 2019).

A Grammatical Sketch of Chitumbuka

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 75
Author(s):  
Beaton Galafa
Keyword(s):  
Native Speakers ◽  
Syllable Structure ◽  
Northern Region ◽  
Lexical Item ◽  
Sentence Structure ◽  
Verbal Morphology ◽  
Tonal Language ◽  
Loan Words ◽  
Noun Classes ◽  
Different Types

The paper provides a grammatical sketch of Chitumbuka, a language widely spoken in the northern region of Malawi, and therefore used as a lingua franca in the region. The paper focuses on four key linguistic aspects of the language in its analysis. These include phonology, morphology, syntax and semantics. Data analysis followed interviews with native speakers of the language drawn from four districts of Mzimba, Rumphi, Nkhata Bay and Kasungu. There was also a significant reliance on data from published materials exploring the language. The paper agrees with available literature ascertaining the existence of 5 vowels and 27 consonant phonemes, a CV syllable structure, assimilation and strengthening processes in the language. It also shows that Chitumbuka is not a tonal language. The paper further ascertains the existence of 18 noun classes in the language and a complex verbal morphology with different types of markers for subject, object and tense. It also shows that the general sentence structure of Chitumbuka is Subject-Verb-Object with several other possible alterations. The paper ends with an exploration of loan words in the language and the realization of the notions of borrow and lend through a single lexical item. 

scholarly journals Searching for the semantic boundaries of the Japanese colour term ‘AO’

2003 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-86
Author(s):  
Francis Conlan
Keyword(s):  
Native Speakers ◽  
Japanese Language ◽  
English Speakers ◽  
Foreign Loan ◽  
Loan Words ◽  
Traffic Lights ◽  
Bilingual Dictionaries ◽  
Colour Term ◽  
Colour Terms

The Japanese language has a colour term, ‘ao’, which is usually referred to in bilingual dictionaries as being the equivalent of English ‘blue’. Very often, however, it is used to describe things which English speakers would describe as being green. Granny Smith apples are ‘ao’, so are all Westerners ‘ eyes, regardless of whether they would be described as being ‘blue’ or ‘green’ in English. The sky and the sea are prototypically ‘ao’, but this term is also used to describe lawns, forests, traffic lights and unripe tomatoes. What, then, do Japanese native speakers (JNS) understand by this term? How do its semantic boundaries relate to those of the term ‘midori’ (‘green’)? What is the JNS understanding of the foreign loan words ‘guriiri (green) and ‘buruu’ (blue)? This paper reports on ‘ao’ prototypes and prototype theory’s good and bad examples of referents for these four colour terms. It explores, from a semasiological perspective, both the relationships of entailment and the processes of exclusion which operate when JNS select amongst these colour terms. The possibilities and non-possibilities for the shared use of these colour terms are identified for a variety of referents.

Afroasiatic Languages

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zygmunt Frajzyngier
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Old Testament ◽  
21St Century ◽  
The United States ◽  
Writing System ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
Semitic Languages ◽  
Early 21St Century ◽  
North West

Afroasiatic languages are the fourth largest linguistic phylum, spoken by some 350 million people in North, West, Central, and East Africa, in the Middle East, and in scattered communities in Europe, the United States, and the Caucasus. Some Afroasiatic languages, such as Arabic, Hausa, Amharic, Somali, and Oromo, are spoken by millions of people, while others are endangered with extinction. As of the early 21st century, the phylum is composed of six families: Egyptian (extinct), Semitic, Cushitic, Omotic, Berber, and Chadic. There are some typological features shared by all families, particularly in the domain of phonology. Languages are also typologically quite distinct with respect to syntax and functions encoded in the grammatical systems. Some Afroasiatic languages, such as Egyptian, Akkadian, Phoenician, Hebrew, Arabic, and Ge’ez, have a longtime written tradition, but for many languages no writing system has yet been proposed or adopted. The Old Semitic writing system gave rise to the modern alphabets used in thousands of unrelated contemporary languages. Two Semitic languages, Hebrew (with some Aramaic) and Arabic, were used to write the Old Testament and the Koran, the holy books of Judaism and Islam.

Another Hmong Messianic Script and Its Texts

1998 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Smalley ◽  
Nina Wimuttikosol
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mekong River ◽  
Writing System ◽  
Writing Systems ◽  
Secondary Interest ◽  
Hmong Language

Among several writing systems devised by native speakers of Hmong, the Sayaboury script is of interest because it is the only one in which a body of apparently original mythic religio-political text material has been recorded. It also has an unusually ingenious, elegant, and economical set of vowel symbols, and a convention of doubling all initial consonant symbols in formal writing. Of secondary interest is the fact that this system was produced (and revealed to one of the authors) west of the Mekong River — not in the more focal Hmong areas which funneled refugees through Ban Vinai, Thailand, into the United States. The authors present here their limited joint knowledge about these texts and the system with which they are written, describing how they became known, their messianic nature, the structure of the writing system, its possible origins, and the fit between the writing and the Hmong language.

scholarly journals Spaanse vreemde woorden in het Nederlands periode 2000-2013. Aanvullingen op de Dikke Van Dale

2014 ◽  
pp. 373-391
Author(s):  
Francisco Sánchez Romero
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Semantic Fields ◽  
Cultural Method ◽  
Year 2000

t Toe purpose of this research is to look into the recent influence of Spanish, both peninsular and from the centre and south of America, (approximately 400 million native speakers altogether) on Dutch (23 million). Spanish foreign words will be analyzed according to the European historical-cultural method, this is, they will be dealt with within a historical frame (in this case from the year 2000). By creating a corpus of Spanish foreign words, I will try to clarify which are the most influential semantic fields on Dutch nowadays. From this division into semantic fields, it will be possible to see what kind of vocabulary has been influential and which has been the degree of contact during the first thirteen years of 21st century.

scholarly journals Phonetic traits of the Chalkan language (based on the materials of V. V. Radlov, N. A. Baskakov, and modern field research)

2020 ◽  
pp. 171-179
Author(s):  
N. N. Fedina ◽  
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Text Analysis ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Early 21St Century ◽  
The 19Th Century

The paper describes the phonetic correlations found in the records done by V. V. Radlov (1866–1907), N. A. Baskakov (1934–1952), and modern Chalkan records (2010–2019). We show certain phonetic shifts that have taken place since the middle of the 19th century: spirantization of labial consonants in the inlaut; the shifts in consonants: j-č-t’; elimination of the auslaut -ғ (-ɣ). Graphic correlations are also shown in anlaut: p- (mid-19th century), b- (mid-20th century), p- (early 21st century). The text analysis in the diachronic aspect allowed us to assume that the anlaut grapheme “b” in the texts of N. A. Baskakov is not a confirmation of the presence of the corresponding sound [b] in the language of the Chalkans of the beginning of the 20th century. The use of the analog sound [p] instead of [b] is evidenced by the materials of V. V. Radlov. N. A. Baskakov most likely used the grapheme “b” in his texts to reflect Chalkan speech at the beginning of the 20th century by analogy with other Turkic closely related languages in which this sound is present. Graphic correlations are also shown in inlaut: -џ- (mid-19th century), -dž- / -ž- (mid-20th century), -ž- / -š’- (early 21st century). Graphic variations stem from the fact that the Chalkan language remains unwritten to this day, and for the transmission of national speech, researchers and native speakers use graphics of written Altai and Russian languages, adapting it to the features of their speech.

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