Administrative law and voluntary religious associations in South Africa: some reflections

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (3) ◽  
pp. 521-537
Author(s):  
R Henrico

Daar is in Suid-Afrika verskeie vrywillige godsdiensorganisasies. Hulle leerstellings het betrekking op geloofsgebaseerde aangeleenthede. Sodanige organisasies vervul ook funksies ten aansien van die bestuur van die kerk, die hiërargiese samestelling daarvan, administratiewe aangeleenthede, die gedragskode van lidmate en leraars en dissiplinêre optrede ingevolge huishoudelike tribunale. Die verhouding tussen die lidmate en die organisasie waartoe hulle hul vrywillig verbind het, is nie statutêr van aard nie. Die verhouding is gebaseer op die interne grondwet van die godsdienstige organisasie wat beteken dat die bevoegdhede wat byvoorbeeld uitgeoefen word deur dissiplinêre tribunale, gebaseer is op die instemming van die betrokkenes. Kragtens die bevoegdhede wat so verleen is, bestaan ’n ongelyke verhouding tussen die leierskap teenoor hulle lidmate en medeleraars. Dit bly egter ’n privaatregtelike verhouding en word geen publiekregtelike verhouding weens die magsverhouding nie. ’n Vergelyking kan gemaak word met administratiefregtelike verhoudings waar eweneens sprake van magsverhoudings is. Administratiewe verhoudings is openbare regsverhoudings, maar tog ook een van ongelykheid. Die staatsreg plaas die individu in ’n ondergeskikte verhouding teenoor die owerhede. ’n Lidmaat wat verontreg of gegrief is deur ’n besluit van die godsdienstige organisasie waarvan hy/ sy ’n lid is, kan sodanige besluit aanveg deur middel van die hersieningsprosedure waarvoor in die grondwet van die organisasie voorsiening gemaak word, maar kan ook bloot besluit om te bedank en uit die organisasie te tree. Dié bevoegdheid geniet ’n burger wat verontreg is deur ’n administratiewe vergryp van die owerheid, behoudens dan emigrasie, nie. Alhoewel die bevoegdhede wat binne ’n godsdienstige organisasie uitgeoefen word, gebaseer is op onderlinge instemming – en gereguleer behoort te word deur die interne grondwet van die vereniging – mag dit die moeite loon om kennis te neem van die beginsels van die administratiefreg in die lig van die omvang van gevestigde administratiewe regspleging. Die outeur ondersoek in hierdie artikel in die eerste plek private godsdienstige organisasies binne die bestek van die grondwetlike waarborge van indiwiduele en geassosieerde vryheid van godsdiens. Tweedens word gelet op die feit dat, nieteenstaande die private aard van die verhouding tussen lidmate en die vrywillige godsdienstige organisasie, ’n geregtelike hersiening van godsdienstige verenigings gebaseer op die gemenereg wel toepaslik mag wees. In ’n demokratiese bedeling leen nóg die Wet op die Bevordering van Administratiewe Geregtigheid, nóg artikel 33 van die grondwet dit tot geregtelike hersiening van administratiewe optrede. Met inagneming van die horisontale toepassing van grondwetlike beginsels en artikel 39(2) en (3) in die handves van menseregte en die ongelyke verhouding tussen die partye, ontstaan die vraag of breër verligting deur middel van administratiewe regspleging nie moet seëvier in gevalle van sodanige “private administratiewe regspleging” nie. Ten slotte ondersoek die outeur die beginsel van vermyding van leerstellige verstrengeling. Dit onderstreep die respek wat ons howe verleen aan godsdiensvryheid waarkragtens die howe hulle daarvan weerhou om in te meng in die sake van godsdienstige organisasies tensy dit buite die bestek van die tersake eie norme en riglyne soos vervat in die tersake grondwette val.

Author(s):  
Henk Addink

The pivotal aim of this book is to explain the creation, development, and impact of good governance from a conceptual, principal perspective and in the context of national administrative law. Three lines of reasoning have been worked out: developing the concept of good governance; specification of this concept by developing principles of good governance; and implementation of these principles of good governance on the national level. In this phase of further development of good governance, it is important to have a clear concept of good governance, presented in this book as the third cornerstone of a modern state, alongside the concepts of the rule of law and democracy. That is a rather new national administrative law perspective which is influenced by regional and international legal developments; thus, we can speak about good governance as a multilevel concept. But the question is: how is this concept of good governance further developed? Six principles of good governance (which in a narrower sense also qualify as principles of good administration) have been further specified in a systematic way, from a legal perspective. These are the principles of properness, transparency, participation, effectiveness, accountability, and human rights. Furthermore, the link has been made with integrity standards. The important developments of each of these principles are described on the national level in Europe, but also in countries outside Europe (such as Australia, Canada, and South Africa). This book gives a systematic comparison of the implementation of the principles of good governance between countries.


1999 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 643-668 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tracy Kuperus

This paper explores the dynamics of regime change in South Africa and Zimbabwe through an examination of civil society's role, but more particularly mainline Christian religious associations, in democratising and consolidating democracy. After surveying state–civil society debates, an analysis of the nature and purpose of civil society in these two countries is undertaken. In both countries, a vibrant, diverse civil society exists that builds or strengthens democratic possibilities; however, Zimbabwean civil society is weaker for reasons that include regime type, the particularities of the liberation struggle, and constitutional limitations. The paper concludes with prescriptions for strengthening civil society in South Africa based on lessons learned from Zimbabwe.


Author(s):  
Shaun De Freitas

Scholarship on the protection of religious rights and freedoms in the context of religious associations in South Africa has gained in momentum since the decision by the Equality Court in Johan Daniel Strydom v Nederduitse Gereformeerde Gemeente Moreleta Park some years ago. Emanating from this were diverse scholarly insights on what the parameters of religious associations should be, with specific focus on sexual conduct, religious doctrine and membership of religious associations. The South African judiciary has not been confronted with a similar challenge since the decision. However, with the advent of the judgment by the Supreme Court of Appeal in Ecclesia De Lange v The Presiding Bishop of the Methodist Church of Southern Africa in 2014, questions as to the parameters of the rights of religious associations in the context of sexual conduct and religious doctrine again present themselves. This article consequently analyses the mentioned judgment by the Supreme Court of Appeal to further an understanding of the parameters of associational rights of religious institutions against the background of a truly plural and democratic society, as supported by the Constitution of South Africa.


Obiter ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Radley Henrico

The rule of law is expressly mentioned in the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996. The principle of legality has flourished in South African administrative law since its recognition and reception into our law in Fedsure Life Assurance Ltd v Greater Johannesburg Transitional Metropolitan Council 1999 (1) SA 374 (CC). The Indian Constitution does not contain an equivalent expression of the rule of law. Notably, how persons and societies in India govern themselves is premised upon beliefs akin to the rule of law. Moreover, Indian administrative law has been strongly influenced by the theory of the rule of law as advocated by Dicey. Whilst Indian administrative law relies heavily upon the rule of law to judicially review conduct that is capricious, South African administrative law has come to rely on the incident of the rule of law, namely the principle of legality. This contribution inspects some of the reasons why the rule of law is heavily relied on in Indian administrative law – where it essentially mirrors the South African administrative law principle of legality. This contribution also suggests reasons as to why the principle of legality is so prevalent in South African administrative law as opposed to merely the rule of law as employed by the Indian courts in Indian administrative law.


2017 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 319-346
Author(s):  
Marius Olivier ◽  
Avinash Govindjee

The legal position of public sector employees who challenge employment decisions taken by the state or organs of state in its/their capacity as employer in South Africa has long been problematic. Even though at least four judgments by the Constitutional Court of South Africa have considered whether employment-related decisions in the public sector domain do or could amount to administrative action and whether administrative law and/or labour law should be applicable for purposes of dispute resolution, legal uncertainty remains the order of the day due to a combination of factors. The authors assess whether (and to what extent) the rich South African administrative-law jurisprudence remains of importance in relation to the public employment relationship, bearing in mind the applicable legal considerations, including the inter-relatedness, interdependence and indivisibility of the range of applicable fundamental constitutional rights. Considering the debate in other jurisdictions on this issue, the authors develop a paradigm for situating different employment-related disputes as matters to be decided on labour and/or administrative-law principles in South Africa. This requires an appreciation, to the extent relevant, of the unique nature public sector employment relationships and a detailed investigation of the applicable legal sources and precise parameters of the cases already decided in the country. The position of employees deliberately excluded from the scope of labour legislation is analysed, for example, as is the legal position of high-ranking public sector employees. The outcome of the investigation is important for determining the legal principles to be applied in cases involving public sector employees in their employment relationship, and for purposes of determining the question of jurisdiction. Recent cases, for example where the courts have permitted the state, as employer, to review its own disciplinary decision (via a state-appointed chairperson of a disciplinary hearing) on the basis that this amounts to administrative action which is reviewable, are also examined in the light of the uncertainty regarding the precise nature and scope of the review.


Fundamina ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 128-198
Author(s):  
D M Pretorius

This contribution explores the historical origins and development of judicial review in South Africa as a function and as an indication of shifts in relations between – and of the relative legal and political powers of – the three branches of state. It also provides bibliographical details of sources chronicling these historical processes. The contribution is published into two parts. This first part focuses primarily on the historical development of constitutional review, namely the power of the courts of law to test the validity of legislation against constitutional criteria. The scope of this power depends not only on the relevant constitutional provisions, but also on the actual and perceived independence of the judiciary, as well as on judicial dispositions and socio-political attitudes toward the courts. This part of the contribution further considers the origins of judicial review of the proceedings of inferior courts and of voluntary associations. The second part of the article will analyse the historical development of administrative law, with the emphasis on the common-law evolution of judicial review of the administrative decision-making processes of organs of state. In addition, it will investigate the growth of administrative law as a discrete discipline in South African law schools. Finally, it will look at the role of the interpretation of statutes in the context of administrative law.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Luke Hilton

<p>Global administrative law (GAL) aims to plug the “accountability deficit” in global institutions by projecting national administrative law principles onto the global scale. Global administrative action has been provisionally delineated as "rulemaking, adjudication, and other decisions that are neither treaty-making nor simple dispute settlements between parties”. But the concept has not yet been defined. The paper adopts a “bottom up” approach by analysing the domestic administrative law of America, New Zealand, and South Africa in order to construct a definition of global administrative action. The paper presents a working definition of the concept.</p>


Author(s):  
Hanna Wilberg

This chapter surveys the comparative administrative law literature on the judicial scrutiny and control of administrative reasoning processes. The chapter takes as its starting point the English, Australian, and New Zealand approach to this topic—commonly known in these jurisdictions as judicial review on the grounds of improper purpose, irrelevant considerations, and mandatory considerations. Some minor divergences between these jurisdictions are noted, as is the fact that the French approach shares at least some similar features. The chapter then identifies a range of other jurisdictions whose law on this topic has one or more features that differ from the English approach in interesting and potentially illuminating ways. The other jurisdictions touched on are Canada, the US, South Africa, Germany, and China. The different approaches identified are: no review of reasoning processes, scrutiny of reasoning processes on a much broader basis, different approaches to the intensity of review, and a shift away from review of reasoning processes to assessment of outcomes. The final sections of the chapter briefly consider possible correlations with system types, and offer some concluding reflections.


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