scholarly journals El origen del café en México y el incremento de su producción en Chiapas, 1893-1920

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 14-23
Author(s):  
Elías Gaona Rivera ◽  
Angélica María Vázquez Rojas ◽  
Eduardo Rodríguez Juárez
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Foreign Investment ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
The United States ◽  
Coffee Production ◽  
Southern State ◽  
The Past ◽  
Two Factors

The article aims to study the arrival of coffee to Mexico and Chiapas and to analyze how coffee production increased in the southern state, thanks to two factors: the cheapness of land and the arrival of foreign investment, mainly from the United States and from Germany. The hypothesis of this work is that the increase in coffee production in Chiapas, between1893-1920, was due to the sale of land at cheap prices and the arrival of foreign investment essentially of German and American origin. The methodology used was the historical one. This type of research seeks to reconstruct the past in the most objective and exact way possible, through examining documents and periods of the past. This method, instead of directly observing facts, acts indirectly by studying documents and newspapers, in this particular case we rely on Mexican and American newspapers of the time. It is concluded that Chiapas positioned itself as one of the main coffee producing states in the country due to two reasons: the low cost of land to plant and the arrival of foreign investment.

scholarly journals The US Foreign Investment Regulation: Trade War Restrictions

2020 ◽  
pp. 31-41
Author(s):  
Pavel A. Aksenov
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
National Security ◽  
Foreign Investment ◽  
The United States ◽  
Security Requirements ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Foreign Investors ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Us ◽  
Leading Position

Over the past several years, the United States has taken a leading position in the world in attractiveness to foreign investors, largely due to the policy of favoring foreign investment and the absence of significant restrictions on incoming FDI. Currently the United States are trying to find a balance between openness to foreign investment and emerging issues related to the economy and national security. As a result of the adoption of the Foreign Investment Risk Review Modernization Act in 2018, the authority of the US Foreign Investments Committee was significantly expanded and the requirements for transactions were tightened, in particular, monitoring and verification of compliance with national security requirements. Despite the fact that these measures affected all incoming FDI in the United States, they are primarily an instrument of competition between the United States and China. Restrictions on outbound investment by China, as well as new requirements on the part of the United States, have significantly reduced the flow of FDI from China to the United States, especially in high-tech industries and infrastructure projects. Meanwhile, the US direct investment in China has remained stable over the past few years. In addition, there are some industry regulations on the share of foreign investors in the capital of energy companies, broadcasting companies, banks and others. Investment relations between the two countries, according to the investors, despite political and trade contradictions, remain quite close.

scholarly journals The Analysis of Surf Clam Production Using an Exhaustible Resource Model

1978 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-103
Author(s):  
Robert S. Cessine ◽  
Ivar Strand
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New England ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
The United States ◽  
Total Catch ◽  
Spisula Solidissima ◽  
Resource Model ◽  
Exhaustible Resource ◽  
Surf Clam ◽  
The Past

The surf clam (sp. Spisula solidissima) is the predominant clam species harvested in the United States. Starting from modest beginnings as a New England bait clam fishery, surf clam meats are now used in virtually all processed clam products, having crowded out other species from their bate or processed goods markets over the past 20 years. This has been due primarily to the surf clams’ greater availability, high meat yield and low cost of harvesting by mechanical means. In 1974, the surf clam fishery produced landings of 96 million pounds of meats, approximately 80 percent of the total catch of all species. The value of landings in 1974 was $12.2 million, over 30 percent of the value of all U.S. landings. Unfortunately, this trend is not expected to continue unabated. Catch in 1975 decreased by 10 percent to 87 million pounds. Current stocks available for harvesting are one-fourth of what they were in 1970 (Chang, Ropes, and Merrill). Due to the increased effort being applied to the remaining populations, it is doubtful that the resource will be able to reach previous harvest levels.

scholarly journals INDONESIAN ECONOMIC DIPLOMACY IN STRENGTHENING COFFEE EXPORTS IN THE UNITED STATES MARKET 2012-2017

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 143-162
Author(s):  
H. Hervinaldy Hervinaldy
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Foreign Exchange ◽  
Coffee Consumption ◽  
The United States ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Third Place ◽  
Coffee Production ◽  
Indonesian Government ◽  
Economic Diplomacy ◽  
Two Factors

Several policies related to coffee have been implemented by the Indonesian government and in collaboration with various parties; one of the steps is introducing, inviting, and participating in major events to introduce Indonesian coffee. The development of the coffee industry in Indonesia currently supports the upstream and has moved downstream (packaging, baristas, and e-commerce), which results in added value. This study aims to discuss the diplomacy strategies applied by Indonesia to strengthening coffee exports in the United States and what factors support these diplomacy strategies. From this study, it could be concluded that Indonesia’s diplomacy strategy will open more opportunities for foreign exchange-earners and introduce Indonesia’s coffee characteristics. Indonesian coffee production is expected to continue to be stable and increase, given the coffee needs of the United States community and the United States’ factor as the largest importer of Indonesian coffee. In 2013, Indonesia was ranked third as the world's largest coffee producer before being overtaken by Colombia in 2015. Brazil has been strong as the world’s coffee giant, followed by Vietnam in second place, Colombia in third place, and Indonesia in fourth, respectively. It was caused by two factors: unstable national coffee production and an increase in domestic coffee consumption.

International Research and Variation in Views of Ethnicity

2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 66-72
Author(s):  
Ella Inglebret ◽  
Amy Skinder-Meredith ◽  
Shana Bailey ◽  
Carla Jones ◽  
Ashley France
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Classification System ◽  
International Research ◽  
The United States ◽  
Research Articles ◽  
Journal Articles ◽  
Research Participants ◽  
The Past ◽  
International Scale ◽  
Publication Patterns

The authors in this article first identify the extent to which research articles published in three American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA) journals included participants, age birth to 18 years, from international backgrounds (i.e., residence outside of the United States), and go on to describe associated publication patterns over the past 12 years. These patterns then provide a context for examining variation in the conceptualization of ethnicity on an international scale. Further, the authors examine terminology and categories used by 11 countries where research participants resided. Each country uses a unique classification system. Thus, it can be expected that descriptions of the ethnic characteristics of international participants involved in research published in ASHA journal articles will widely vary.

Proportion of Individuals With Past-Year Suicidal Ideation Who Attempted Suicide Over the Past 10 Years in the United States, and the Influence of Age and Sex

Crisis ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Shannon Lange ◽  
Courtney Bagge ◽  
Charlotte Probst ◽  
Jürgen Rehm
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Suicidal Ideation ◽  
Random Effects ◽  
Attempted Suicide ◽  
Suicide Attempts ◽  
The United States ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Past ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
Age Category

Abstract. Background: In recent years, the rate of death by suicide has been increasing disproportionately among females and young adults in the United States. Presumably this trend has been mirrored by the proportion of individuals with suicidal ideation who attempted suicide. Aim: We aimed to investigate whether the proportion of individuals in the United States with suicidal ideation who attempted suicide differed by age and/or sex, and whether this proportion has increased over time. Method: Individual-level data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), 2008–2017, were used to estimate the year-, age category-, and sex-specific proportion of individuals with past-year suicidal ideation who attempted suicide. We then determined whether this proportion differed by age category, sex, and across years using random-effects meta-regression. Overall, age category- and sex-specific proportions across survey years were estimated using random-effects meta-analyses. Results: Although the proportion was found to be significantly higher among females and those aged 18–25 years, it had not significantly increased over the past 10 years. Limitations: Data were self-reported and restricted to past-year suicidal ideation and suicide attempts. Conclusion: The increase in the death by suicide rate in the United States over the past 10 years was not mirrored by the proportion of individuals with past-year suicidal ideation who attempted suicide during this period.

EDITORIAL: Migration and competitiveness: Japan and the United States

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-124
Author(s):  
Philip L. Martin
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Variable Cost ◽  
Fixed Cost ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Science And Engineering ◽  
The Past ◽  
Past Half Century ◽  
Key Sectors ◽  
Past Half

Japan and the United States, the world’s largest economies for most of the past half century, have very different immigration policies. Japan is the G7 economy most closed to immigrants, while the United States is the large economy most open to immigrants. Both Japan and the United States are debating how immigrants are and can con-tribute to the competitiveness of their economies in the 21st centuries. The papers in this special issue review the employment of and impacts of immigrants in some of the key sectors of the Japanese and US economies, including agriculture, health care, science and engineering, and construction and manufacturing. For example, in Japanese agriculture migrant trainees are a fixed cost to farmers during the three years they are in Japan, while US farmers who hire mostly unauthorized migrants hire and lay off workers as needed, making labour a variable cost.

Democratic Legitimacy

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre Rosanvallon
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Democratic Legitimacy ◽  
Political Leaders ◽  
Constitutional Courts ◽  
International Debate ◽  
The Past ◽  
Democratic Authority ◽  
Original Contribution ◽  
Western Democracies

It's a commonplace occurrence that citizens in Western democracies are disaffected with their political leaders and traditional democratic institutions. But this book argues that this crisis of confidence is partly a crisis of understanding. The book makes the case that the sources of democratic legitimacy have shifted and multiplied over the past thirty years and that we need to comprehend and make better use of these new sources of legitimacy in order to strengthen our political self-belief and commitment to democracy. Drawing on examples from France and the United States, the book notes that there has been a major expansion of independent commissions, NGOs, regulatory authorities, and watchdogs in recent decades. At the same time, constitutional courts have become more willing and able to challenge legislatures. These institutional developments, which serve the democratic values of impartiality and reflexivity, have been accompanied by a new attentiveness to what the book calls the value of proximity, as governing structures have sought to find new spaces for minorities, the particular, and the local. To improve our democracies, we need to use these new sources of legitimacy more effectively and we need to incorporate them into our accounts of democratic government. This book is an original contribution to the vigorous international debate about democratic authority and legitimacy.

The Riddle of a Common History

2009 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mauricio Tenorio-Trillo
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Common Ground ◽  
The United States ◽  
History Textbooks ◽  
Recent History ◽  
History Textbook ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Us ◽  
Constant Part ◽  
Intrinsic Component

By identifying two general issues in recent history textbook controversies worldwide (oblivion and inclusion), this article examines understandings of the United States in Mexico's history textbooks (especially those of 1992) as a means to test the limits of historical imagining between U. S. and Mexican historiographies. Drawing lessons from recent European and Indian historiographical debates, the article argues that many of the historical clashes between the nationalist historiographies of Mexico and the United States could be taught as series of unsolved enigmas, ironies, and contradictions in the midst of a central enigma: the persistence of two nationalist historiographies incapable of contemplating their common ground. The article maintains that lo mexicano has been a constant part of the past and present of the US, and lo gringo an intrinsic component of Mexico's history. The di erences in their historical tracks have been made into monumental ontological oppositions, which are in fact two tracks—often overlapping—of the same and shared con ictual and complex experience.

The Challenges of Displaying “Asian American”: Curatorial Perspectives and Critical Approaches

2007 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-32
Author(s):  
ShiPu Wang
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Asian American ◽  
Financial Support ◽  
American Art ◽  
The United States ◽  
Community Leaders ◽  
Art Exhibitions ◽  
The Past ◽  
Critical Approaches ◽  
Racial Demographics

This essay delineates the issues concerning AAPI art exhibitions from a curator’s perspective, particularly in response to the changing racial demographics and economics of the past decades. A discussion of practical, curatorial problems offers the reader an overview of the obstacles and reasons behind the lack of exhibitions of AAPI works in the United States. It is the author’s hope that by understanding the challenges particular to AAPI exhibitions, community leaders, and patrons will direct future financial support to appropriate museum operations, which in turn will encourage more exhibitions and research of the important artistic contribution of AAPI artists to American art.

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