Effects of Synchronous and Asynchronous Music on Heart rate and Perceived Exertion during Aerobic Exercise: Pilot study

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 92
Author(s):  
Pongsakorn Chaisurin ◽  
Jakkrit Klapajone ◽  
Pongson Yaicharoen
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
White Noise ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Prior History ◽  
Target Heart Rate ◽  
Satisfactory Level ◽  
Significant Difference

Objectives: Our objective was to investigate physiological effects of three types of sounds (synchronous, non-synchronous and white noise) on heart rate, rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and satisfactory level during aerobic exercise.Study design: Pilot cross-over study, single-blindSetting: SuanDok fitness center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University.Subjects: Fifteen healthy individuals, aged 18-40 years (mean ± SD = 30.2 ± 4.0) with no prior history of pain, musculoskeletal disorders, cardiopulmonary diseases, neurological diseases and hearing impairment.Methods: Subjects who were asked to exercise to exhaustion (with target heart rate in an aerobic zone) on elliptical machines were randomly assigned to listen to 1) a music with beats matching the exercise cadence; synchronous music or 2) a music with variable beats not matching the cadence; asynchronous music or 3) a control sound using white noise in each of 3 exercise sessions. Heart rate and Borg’s Ratings of Perceived Exertion (RPE) were measured at 10 and 20 minutes after starting the exercise. Satisfactory level was also assessed.Results: All fifteen participants with an average age of 30.2 ± 4.0 years completed the exercise protocol. The synchronous music session gave a significant reduction in heart rate at 10 and 20 minutes when compared with asynchronous and white noise sessions. There was no significant difference of heart rate between asynchronous music and white noise sessions at 10 and 20 minutes. Regarding Borg’s RPE, the synchronous session showed significantly lower RPE at 10 and 20 minutes when compared with asynchronous music and white noise sessions. There was no significant difference between RPE in asynchronous music and white noise session. Overall satisfaction using numeric rating scale of 0-10 revealed average satisfactory levels for synchronous music, asynchronous music and white noise of 8.27 ± 1.16, 5.2 ± 2.65 and 2.73 ± 1.62 respectively. Conclusion: Synchronous music had a positive impact on an exercise as it could reduce heart rate and perceived exertion during the exercise. A consistent pace could be auditorily stimulated by coupling exercise cadence on the elliptical machine to the synchronous music tempo, leading to better auditory-motor synchronization.Keywords: synchronous music, exercise, RPE, tempo, elliptical machine 

scholarly journals Lactate, Heart Rate and Rating of Perceived Exertion Responses to Shorter and Longer Duration CrossFit® Training Sessions

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramires Tibana ◽  
Nuno de Sousa ◽  
Jonato Prestes ◽  
Fabrício Voltarelli
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Blood Lactate Concentration ◽  
Cardiovascular Responses ◽  
Cardiovascular Fitness ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Training Experience ◽  
Significant Difference

The aim of this study was to analyze blood lactate concentration (LAC), heart rate (HR), and rating perceived exertion (RPE) during and after shorter and longer duration CrossFit® sessions. Nine men (27.7 ± 3.2 years; 11.3 ± 4.6% body fat percentage and training experience: 41.1 ± 19.6 months) randomly performed two CrossFit® sessions (shorter: ~4 min and longer: 17 min) with a 7-day interval between them. The response of LAC and HR were measured pre, during, immediately after, and 10, 20, and 30 min after the sessions. RPE was measured pre and immediately after sessions. Lactate levels were higher during the recovery of the shorter session as compared with the longer session (shorter: 15.9 ± 2.2 mmol/L/min, longer: 12.6 ± 2.6 mmol/L/min; p = 0.019). There were no significant differences between protocols on HR during (shorter: 176 ± 6 bpm or 91 ± 4% HRmax, longer: 174 ± 3 bpm or 90 ± 3% HRmax, p = 0.387). The LAC was significantly higher throughout the recovery period for both training sessions as compared to pre-exercise. The RPE was increased immediately after both sessions as compared to pre-exercise, while there was no significant difference between them (shorter: 8.7 ± 0.9, longer: 9.6 ± 0.5; p = 0.360). These results demonstrated that both shorter and longer sessions induced elevated cardiovascular responses which met the recommendations for gains in cardiovascular fitness. In addition, both training sessions had a high metabolic and perceptual response, which may not be suitable if performed on consecutive days.

Training-Load Distribution in Endurance Runners: Objective Versus Subjective Assessment

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1023-1028 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincenzo Manzi ◽  
Antonio Bovenzi ◽  
Carlo Castagna ◽  
Paola Sinibaldi Salimei ◽  
Maurizio Volterrani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Training Load ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Maximal Heart Rate ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Running Speed ◽  
Training Time ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Training Methodologies

Purpose:To assess the distribution of exercise intensity in long-distance recreational athletes (LDRs) preparing for a marathon and to test the hypothesis that individual perception of effort could provide training responses similar to those provided by standardized training methodologies.Methods:Seven LDRs (age 36.5 ± 3.8 y) were followed during a 5-mo training period culminating with a city marathon. Heart rate at 2.0 and 4.0 mmol/L and maximal heart rate were used to establish 3 intensity training zones. Internal training load (TL) was assessed by training zones and TRIMPi methods. These were compared with the session-rating-of-perceived-exertion (RPE) method.Results:Total time spent in zone 1 was higher than in zones 2 and 3 (76.3% ± 6.4%, 17.3% ± 5.8%, and 6.3% ± 0.9%, respectively; P = .000 for both, ES = 0.98, ES = 0.99). TL quantified by session-RPE provided the same result. The comparison between session-RPE and training-zones-based methods showed no significant difference at the lowest intensity (P = .07, ES = 0.25). A significant correlation was observed between TL RPE and TL TRIMPi at both individual and group levels (r = .79, P < .001). There was a significant correlation between total time spent in zone 1 and the improvement at the running speed of 2 mmol/L (r = .88, P < .001). A negative correlation was found between running speed at 2 mmol/L and the time needed to complete the marathon (r = –.83, P < .001).Conclusions:These findings suggest that in recreational LDRs most of the training time is spent at low intensity and that this is associated with improved performances. Session-RPE is an easy-to-use training method that provides responses similar to those obtained with standardized training methodologies.

Performance, perceptual and physiological comparison of traditional and small-sided games in youth hockey

2021 ◽  
pp. 174795412199881
Author(s):  
Sarah R Henley-Martin ◽  
Daniel J Hiscock ◽  
Kagan J Ducker ◽  
Angela Jacques ◽  
Carly J Brade
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Low Velocity ◽  
Playing Field ◽  
Total Distance ◽  
Movement Data ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Hockey Players ◽  
Traditional Format

This study aimed to determine if children playing field hockey small-sided games (SSG) have different levels of physiological, performance and perceptual responses, compared to traditional hockey. Fifteen school hockey players (10–12 y) played eight matches over four months. Traditional games (n = 4) were played on a full-sized pitch with 11 players per team, and SSG were played as two-separate games (n = 8), with 7 players per team on a half-field pitch. Heart rate, movement data and match involvement were collected during the game. Participants were asked their session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE) and completed an enjoyment questionnaire. There were more possessions per player in the SSG format compared to traditional (53.9 ± 2.5 vs. 36.8 ± 6.5, [ d = 3.83]). Number of shots on goal, total goals, penalty corners and circle penetrations were increased in SSG compared to traditional games ( d = 1.11–1.83). Mean and maximum heart rate, sRPE, enjoyment, total distance run, meters per minute, distance run at low velocity and high velocity were similar for both formats, with no significant difference between them. SSG increased match involvements, allowing more participation than the traditional format, without compromising the physiological (e.g. heart rate), performance (e.g. total distance) and perceptual (e.g. sRPE) workload.

scholarly journals Effect of Small Sided Game Duration with Floater Player on Internal and External Load of Female Handball Players

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 10-15
Author(s):  
Jan Belka ◽  
Karel Hulka ◽  
Vaclav Riedel ◽  
Michal Safar
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Average Distance ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Maximal Heart Rate ◽  
Team Handball ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Load Intensity ◽  
Fitness Training ◽  
The One

Abstract Introduction. The present study deals with the effect of the duration of small-sided games (SSGs) with a floater player on the external (covered distance) and internal (heart rate) load of the elite female players. Material and methods. The research group consisted of nine professional elite female team handball field players (age 22.8 ± 4.5 years) playing in the first international league for female players in the Czech Republic. Their height was 170.4 ± 6.4 cm, weight 67.7 ± 9.2 kg, and maximal heart rate 200.2 ± 3.3 beats∙min-1. The duration of the SSGs was 4 (SSG4) minutes, 5 (SSG5) minutes, and 6 (SSG6) minutes. Results. The highest heart rate value of 177.2 ± 9.9 beats / minute resp. 88.5 ± 4.4% HRmax was measured in SSG5. The lowest mean heart rate values were measured at SSG6 of 172.01 ± 15.7 beats / min resp. 85.9 ± 6.8% HRmax. Most time 38 resp. 34% of the drill time, players were in the 85-90% HRmax load intensity zone of SSG4 and SSG5. There was a statistically significant difference in load intensity zones of 80-85% HRmax and ≥ 95% HRmax between SSG5 and SSG6 and p = .008 (η2 p = 0.22) and .013 (η2 p = 0.26), respectively. In the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) evaluation, there was a statistically significant difference in SSG6 and SSG4 p = .003 (η2 p = 0.27) and between SSG6 and SSG5 p = .004 (η2 p = 0.25). The total longest distance in SSG6 was 786.8 ± 41.9 m, but in the one-minute drill the longest average distance in SSG4 was 136.2 ± 21.1 metres per minute. Conclusions . SSGs with a floater are a suitable means for training technical and tactical activities in handball with an overlap into fitness training in women’s handball. According to our results, the intensity of the load will not decrease if we increase the game time to six minutes and also the covered distance will not decrease during the game.

scholarly journals Are there relantionship between internal and external load of aerobic training with heart rate variability in women?

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiago Volpi Braz ◽  
Fábio Yuzo Nakamura ◽  
Michael R Esco ◽  
Felipe Ornelas ◽  
Marlene Aparecida Moreno ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Heart Rate Variability ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Aerobic Training ◽  
Strong Association ◽  
Training Load ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Aerobic Performance ◽  
Large Correlation ◽  
Significant Difference

The purpose was to investigate the relationship between internal training load (ITL), external training load (ETL) and heart rate variability (HRV) in women. 16 women (48.2 ± 6.4 yrs) performed HRV recordings (i.e. lnRMSSD – cardiovagal modulation) and Incremental Shuttle Walk Test (ISWT) before and after 12 aerobic training sessions. HRV threshold (HRVT) were used to prescribe aerobic ETL. The session rating of perceived exertion (s-RPE) was analyzed and served as the measure of ITL. The score found for ITL in the 12 sessions was 2878 ± 380 arbitrary units and ETL were 36822 ± 5852 m. A significant difference was observed in the lnRMSSD (3.14 ± 0.30 vs. 3.43 ± 0.38 ms−1; P = 0.001). There were observed large correlation between lnRMSSD at baseline vs ISWT (r = 0.73, P = 0.001), HRVT (r = 0.67, P = 0.004) and ITL (r = 0.62, P = 0.011). Very large correlation between individual smallest worthwhile change lnRMSSD after training and ITL (r = 0.81, P = 0.0001) was observed. There is a strong association between the HRV and aerobic performance (HRVT and ISWTdistance) and strong relationship between HRV and the potential to accumulate ITL, but not aerobic ETL in women.

Comparison of Selected Perceptual Variables for Backpacks with Internal and External Frames

2000 ◽  
Vol 90 (2) ◽  
pp. 605-608 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bert Jacobson ◽  
Kevin Jones
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Male Volunteers ◽  
Trial Analysis ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
External Frame ◽  
Practice Trials

Differences in perceptions of comfort, exertion, balance, and heart rate were investigated with two types of backpack. Subjects were 20 male volunteers ( M age = 24.3 yr., SD: 3.6, M height= 180.02 cm, SD: 8.0, and M weight = 86.46 kg, SD: 14.84). Following oral briefing and practice trials, each subject was fitted at random with either an internal- or external-frame backpack containing 18.2 kg. By random, cross-over design, subjects completed a 30-m simulated hiking trail consisting of 16 separate obstacles designed to resemble actual off-trail hiking. Trials were conducted in a controlled environment with the walking intensity regulated by a metronome. Upon completion of each trial, the subjects rated the experience on perceived comfort, balance and stability, and rating of perceived exertion. Heart rate was recorded immediately prior to and following each trial. Analysis yielded a significant difference only on rating of perceived exertion in favor of the internal-frame backpack. Under limited circumstances, these data suggest that both types of backpacks provide similar comfort and balance and stability; however, internal frames in backpacks may reduce perceived exertion during short, demanding hikes.

Seated Versus Standing Cycling in Competitive Road Cyclists: Uphill Climbing and Maximal Oxygen Uptake

1996 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 149-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hirofumi Tanaka ◽  
David R. Bassett Jr. ◽  
Shane K. Best ◽  
Kenny R. Baker Jr.
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Maximal Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Body Position ◽  
Standing Position ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Hill Climbing ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Road Cyclists

Seven competitive road cyclists (M ± SE = 23.7 ± 1.5 yr, 70.5 ± 1.7 kg) participated to determine the effects of cycling body position on physiological responses during uphill cycling and maximal oxygen uptake [Formula: see text]. There was no significant difference in [Formula: see text] between seated and standing positions on a cycle ergometer (66.4 ± 1.6 vs. 66.4 ± 1.7 ml∙kg−1∙min−1). When the subjects rode their own bicycle on a treadmill, oxygen uptake and heart rate were significantly (p < 0.05) higher during standing when subjects bicycled at 20.0 km∙h−1 (4% grade), but no difference was observed when riding at 12.3 km−1 (10% grade). Leg RPE was significantly (p < 0.05) lower for standing position up a 10% grade. The results suggest that the standing position is less economical during moderate hill climbing, but during steep hill climbing, it results in a decreased sensation of effort in the legs. Key words: bicycling, heart rate, rating of perceived exertion

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