Performance, perceptual and physiological comparison of traditional and small-sided games in youth hockey

2021 ◽  
pp. 174795412199881
Author(s):  
Sarah R Henley-Martin ◽  
Daniel J Hiscock ◽  
Kagan J Ducker ◽  
Angela Jacques ◽  
Carly J Brade
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Low Velocity ◽  
Playing Field ◽  
Total Distance ◽  
Movement Data ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Hockey Players ◽  
Traditional Format

This study aimed to determine if children playing field hockey small-sided games (SSG) have different levels of physiological, performance and perceptual responses, compared to traditional hockey. Fifteen school hockey players (10–12 y) played eight matches over four months. Traditional games (n = 4) were played on a full-sized pitch with 11 players per team, and SSG were played as two-separate games (n = 8), with 7 players per team on a half-field pitch. Heart rate, movement data and match involvement were collected during the game. Participants were asked their session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE) and completed an enjoyment questionnaire. There were more possessions per player in the SSG format compared to traditional (53.9 ± 2.5 vs. 36.8 ± 6.5, [ d = 3.83]). Number of shots on goal, total goals, penalty corners and circle penetrations were increased in SSG compared to traditional games ( d = 1.11–1.83). Mean and maximum heart rate, sRPE, enjoyment, total distance run, meters per minute, distance run at low velocity and high velocity were similar for both formats, with no significant difference between them. SSG increased match involvements, allowing more participation than the traditional format, without compromising the physiological (e.g. heart rate), performance (e.g. total distance) and perceptual (e.g. sRPE) workload.

scholarly journals Lactate, Heart Rate and Rating of Perceived Exertion Responses to Shorter and Longer Duration CrossFit® Training Sessions

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramires Tibana ◽  
Nuno de Sousa ◽  
Jonato Prestes ◽  
Fabrício Voltarelli
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Blood Lactate Concentration ◽  
Cardiovascular Responses ◽  
Cardiovascular Fitness ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Training Experience ◽  
Significant Difference

The aim of this study was to analyze blood lactate concentration (LAC), heart rate (HR), and rating perceived exertion (RPE) during and after shorter and longer duration CrossFit® sessions. Nine men (27.7 ± 3.2 years; 11.3 ± 4.6% body fat percentage and training experience: 41.1 ± 19.6 months) randomly performed two CrossFit® sessions (shorter: ~4 min and longer: 17 min) with a 7-day interval between them. The response of LAC and HR were measured pre, during, immediately after, and 10, 20, and 30 min after the sessions. RPE was measured pre and immediately after sessions. Lactate levels were higher during the recovery of the shorter session as compared with the longer session (shorter: 15.9 ± 2.2 mmol/L/min, longer: 12.6 ± 2.6 mmol/L/min; p = 0.019). There were no significant differences between protocols on HR during (shorter: 176 ± 6 bpm or 91 ± 4% HRmax, longer: 174 ± 3 bpm or 90 ± 3% HRmax, p = 0.387). The LAC was significantly higher throughout the recovery period for both training sessions as compared to pre-exercise. The RPE was increased immediately after both sessions as compared to pre-exercise, while there was no significant difference between them (shorter: 8.7 ± 0.9, longer: 9.6 ± 0.5; p = 0.360). These results demonstrated that both shorter and longer sessions induced elevated cardiovascular responses which met the recommendations for gains in cardiovascular fitness. In addition, both training sessions had a high metabolic and perceptual response, which may not be suitable if performed on consecutive days.

Training-Load Distribution in Endurance Runners: Objective Versus Subjective Assessment

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1023-1028 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincenzo Manzi ◽  
Antonio Bovenzi ◽  
Carlo Castagna ◽  
Paola Sinibaldi Salimei ◽  
Maurizio Volterrani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Training Load ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Maximal Heart Rate ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Running Speed ◽  
Training Time ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Training Methodologies

Purpose:To assess the distribution of exercise intensity in long-distance recreational athletes (LDRs) preparing for a marathon and to test the hypothesis that individual perception of effort could provide training responses similar to those provided by standardized training methodologies.Methods:Seven LDRs (age 36.5 ± 3.8 y) were followed during a 5-mo training period culminating with a city marathon. Heart rate at 2.0 and 4.0 mmol/L and maximal heart rate were used to establish 3 intensity training zones. Internal training load (TL) was assessed by training zones and TRIMPi methods. These were compared with the session-rating-of-perceived-exertion (RPE) method.Results:Total time spent in zone 1 was higher than in zones 2 and 3 (76.3% ± 6.4%, 17.3% ± 5.8%, and 6.3% ± 0.9%, respectively; P = .000 for both, ES = 0.98, ES = 0.99). TL quantified by session-RPE provided the same result. The comparison between session-RPE and training-zones-based methods showed no significant difference at the lowest intensity (P = .07, ES = 0.25). A significant correlation was observed between TL RPE and TL TRIMPi at both individual and group levels (r = .79, P < .001). There was a significant correlation between total time spent in zone 1 and the improvement at the running speed of 2 mmol/L (r = .88, P < .001). A negative correlation was found between running speed at 2 mmol/L and the time needed to complete the marathon (r = –.83, P < .001).Conclusions:These findings suggest that in recreational LDRs most of the training time is spent at low intensity and that this is associated with improved performances. Session-RPE is an easy-to-use training method that provides responses similar to those obtained with standardized training methodologies.

Effects of Synchronous and Asynchronous Music on Heart rate and Perceived Exertion during Aerobic Exercise: Pilot study

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 92
Author(s):  
Pongsakorn Chaisurin ◽  
Jakkrit Klapajone ◽  
Pongson Yaicharoen
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
White Noise ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Prior History ◽  
Target Heart Rate ◽  
Satisfactory Level ◽  
Significant Difference

Objectives: Our objective was to investigate physiological effects of three types of sounds (synchronous, non-synchronous and white noise) on heart rate, rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and satisfactory level during aerobic exercise.Study design: Pilot cross-over study, single-blindSetting: SuanDok fitness center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University.Subjects: Fifteen healthy individuals, aged 18-40 years (mean ± SD = 30.2 ± 4.0) with no prior history of pain, musculoskeletal disorders, cardiopulmonary diseases, neurological diseases and hearing impairment.Methods: Subjects who were asked to exercise to exhaustion (with target heart rate in an aerobic zone) on elliptical machines were randomly assigned to listen to 1) a music with beats matching the exercise cadence; synchronous music or 2) a music with variable beats not matching the cadence; asynchronous music or 3) a control sound using white noise in each of 3 exercise sessions. Heart rate and Borg’s Ratings of Perceived Exertion (RPE) were measured at 10 and 20 minutes after starting the exercise. Satisfactory level was also assessed.Results: All fifteen participants with an average age of 30.2 ± 4.0 years completed the exercise protocol. The synchronous music session gave a significant reduction in heart rate at 10 and 20 minutes when compared with asynchronous and white noise sessions. There was no significant difference of heart rate between asynchronous music and white noise sessions at 10 and 20 minutes. Regarding Borg’s RPE, the synchronous session showed significantly lower RPE at 10 and 20 minutes when compared with asynchronous music and white noise sessions. There was no significant difference between RPE in asynchronous music and white noise session. Overall satisfaction using numeric rating scale of 0-10 revealed average satisfactory levels for synchronous music, asynchronous music and white noise of 8.27 ± 1.16, 5.2 ± 2.65 and 2.73 ± 1.62 respectively. Conclusion: Synchronous music had a positive impact on an exercise as it could reduce heart rate and perceived exertion during the exercise. A consistent pace could be auditorily stimulated by coupling exercise cadence on the elliptical machine to the synchronous music tempo, leading to better auditory-motor synchronization.Keywords: synchronous music, exercise, RPE, tempo, elliptical machine 

scholarly journals The Association Between Internal and External Measures of Training Load in Batsmen and Medium-Fast Bowlers During Net-Based Cricket Training

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 247-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Will Vickery ◽  
Ben Dascombe ◽  
Rob Duffield
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Multiple Regression ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Training Load ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Stepwise Multiple Regression ◽  
Total Distance ◽  
Regression Techniques ◽  
External Training

Purpose:To examine the relationship between session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE) and measures of internal and external training load (TL) in cricket batsmen and medium-fast bowlers during net-based training sessions.Methods:The internal (heart rate), external (movement demands, PlayerLoad), and technical (cricket-specific skills) loads of 30 male cricket players (age 21.2 ± 3.8 y, height 1.82 ± 0.07 m, body mass 79.0 ± 8.7 kg) were determined from net-based cricket-training sessions (n = 118). The relationships between sRPE and measures of TL were quantified using Pearson product–moment correlations respective to playing position. Stepwise multiple-regression techniques provided key internal- and external-load determinants of sRPE in cricket players.Results:Significant correlations were evident (r = -.34 to .87, P < .05) between internal and external measures of TL and sRPE, with the strongest correlations (r ≥ .62) for GPS-derived measures for both playing positions. In batsmen, stepwise multiple-regression analysis revealed that 67.8% of the adjusted variance in sRPE could be explained by PlayerLoad and high-intensity distance (y = 27.43 + 0.81 PlayerLoad + 0.29 high-intensity distance). For medium-fast bowlers, 76.3% of the adjusted variance could be explained by total distance and mean heart rate (y = 101.82 + total distance 0.05 + HRmean – 0.48).Conclusion:These results suggest that sRPE is a valid method of reporting TL among cricket batsmen and medium-fast bowlers. Position-specific responses are evident and should be considered when monitoring the TL of cricket players.

Internal Load of Female Varsity Ice Hockey Players During Training and Games During a Season

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Lynne Bigg ◽  
Alexander Shand Davis Gamble ◽  
Lawrence L. Spriet
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Cohort Study ◽  
Significant Relationship ◽  
Strong Correlation ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Ice Hockey ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Internal Load ◽  
Hockey Players ◽  
Training Impulse

AbstractThis study quantified internal load, using sessional rating of perceived exertion (sRPE) and heart-rate derived training impulse (TRIMP), of female varsity ice hockey players throughout a season. Twenty-four female (19.8±1.4 yr, 68.0±6.9 kg) varsity ice hockey players participated in this prospective cohort study. Internal load was captured using sRPE and TRIMP for each on-ice session. Internal load was significantly higher (p<0.05) for games (sRPE: 324±202 AU, TRIMP: 95±60 AU) compared to training (sRPE: 248±120 AU, TRIMP: 68±32 AU). Overall, goalies had a higher internal load than forwards (sRPE and TRIMP) and defence (TRIMP), with no differences between forwards and defence. Micro-cycle periodization was present, with training sessions several days prior to game days having the highest internal load (sRPE and TRIMP) and tapering down as subsequent training sessions approached game day. For the meso-cycle assessment, for both training and competition combined, the post-season sRPE was greater than the pre-season (p=0.002) and regular season (p<0.001). Lastly, the association between sRPE and TRIMP, revealed a large, statistically significant relationship (r=0.592, p<0.001). Internal load was greater during competitions, training sessions and subsequent internal loads suggested prioritization around game days, the post-season phase demanded the highest internal load and there was a strong correlation between sRPE and TRIMP.

scholarly journals In-season monotony, strain and acute/chronic workload of perceived exertion, global positioning system running based variables between player positions of a top elite soccer team

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafael Oliveira ◽  
Alexandre Martins ◽  
Hadi Nobari ◽  
Matilde Nalha ◽  
Bruno Mendes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Load Variations ◽  
Total Distance ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Global Positioning ◽  
Soccer Team ◽  
Moderate Effect ◽  
Player Positions

Abstract Background The interpretation of the load variations across a period seems important to control the weekly progression or variation of the load, or to identify within- micro and mesocycle variations. Thus, the aim of this study was to describe the in-season variations of training monotony, training strain, and acute: chronic workload ratio (ACWR) through session rating of perceived exertion (s-RPE), total distance and high-speed running (HSR) according to playing positions in an elite soccer team. Methods Seventeen professional players from an European First League team participated in this study. They were divided four central defenders (CD), three wide defenders (WD), four central midfielders (CM), three wide midfielders (WM) and three strikers (ST). The players were monitored daily over a 41-week period of competition where 52 matches occurred during the 2015–2016 in-season. Through the collection of s-RPE, total distance and HSR, training monotony, training strain and ACWR were calculated for each measure, respectively. Data were analysed across ten mesocycles (M: 1–10). Results The main results showed significant differences (p < 0.05) for TMs-RPE between CD vs. ST (moderate effect) in M2; between CD vs. CM (moderate effect) for TS of s-RPE; between CD vs. ST moderate effect) in M6 for ACWR of s-RPE. In addition, there was significant difference between CM vs. ST (moderate effect) in M2 for TS of TD; between WD vs. ST (moderate effect) in M3 for ACWR of TD. Moreover, there were significant differences for TM of HSR between CD vs. WD (very large effect); CD vs. WD (moderate effect) in M4 for TS of HSR. Conclusions The present study presents new insights to coaches and technical staff about the variation profiling of TM, TS, and ACWR calculated with internal and external load measures, between player positions during 10 mesocycles.

scholarly journals Session Rating of Perceived Exertion (sRPE) Load and Training Impulse Are Strongly Correlated to GPS-Derived Measures of External Load in NCAA Division I Women’s Soccer Athletes

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 90
Author(s):  
Andrew T. Askow ◽  
Alexa L. Lobato ◽  
Daniel J. Arndts ◽  
Will Jennings ◽  
Andreas Kreutzer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Ncaa Division I ◽  
External Load ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Division I ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Total Distance ◽  
Training Impulse ◽  
Women's Soccer

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine whether session rating of perceived exertion-derived training load (sRPE-TL) correlates with GPS-derived measures of external load in National Collegiate Athletics Association (NCAA) Division I female soccer athletes. Methods: Twenty-one NCAA Division 1 collegiate women’s soccer athletes (11 starters, 10 non-starters; 65.1 ± 7.2 kg, 168.4 ± 7.9 cm, 20.3 ± 1.5 yrs) volunteered to take part in this study. Data for this study were collected over the course of 16 weeks during the 2018 NCAA women’s soccer season. External load and heart rate (HR) data were collected during each training session and match during the season. At least 30 min after the end of an activity (e.g., match or practice), athletes were prompted to complete a questionnaire reporting their perceived exertion for the session. sRPE-TL was calculated at the end of the season by multiplying perceived exertion by the respective session duration. Results: sRPE-TL was very strongly correlated with total distance, distance covered in velocity zones 1–3, the number of accelerations in zones 4 and 5, total PlayerLoad™, and PlayerLoad™. For internal load, sRPE-TL correlated very strongly (0.70 ≤ |r| < 0.90) with Edward’s and Bannister’s TRIMP and strongly (0.50 ≤ |r| < 0.70) with duration spent in in heart rate zones 5 and 6 (80–90% and 90–100% max HR, respectively) while correlations with maximum HR (bpm), mean HR (bpm), and mean HR (%) and sRPE-TL were moderate (0.30 ≤ |r| < 0.50). Conclusions: In NCAA Division I women soccer, sRPE-TL is strongly associated with external measures of workload. These relationships were stronger during match play, with acceleration load and total distance exhibiting the strongest relationship with sRPE-TL.

scholarly journals Effect of Small Sided Game Duration with Floater Player on Internal and External Load of Female Handball Players

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 10-15
Author(s):  
Jan Belka ◽  
Karel Hulka ◽  
Vaclav Riedel ◽  
Michal Safar
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Average Distance ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Maximal Heart Rate ◽  
Team Handball ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Load Intensity ◽  
Fitness Training ◽  
The One

Abstract Introduction. The present study deals with the effect of the duration of small-sided games (SSGs) with a floater player on the external (covered distance) and internal (heart rate) load of the elite female players. Material and methods. The research group consisted of nine professional elite female team handball field players (age 22.8 ± 4.5 years) playing in the first international league for female players in the Czech Republic. Their height was 170.4 ± 6.4 cm, weight 67.7 ± 9.2 kg, and maximal heart rate 200.2 ± 3.3 beats∙min-1. The duration of the SSGs was 4 (SSG4) minutes, 5 (SSG5) minutes, and 6 (SSG6) minutes. Results. The highest heart rate value of 177.2 ± 9.9 beats / minute resp. 88.5 ± 4.4% HRmax was measured in SSG5. The lowest mean heart rate values were measured at SSG6 of 172.01 ± 15.7 beats / min resp. 85.9 ± 6.8% HRmax. Most time 38 resp. 34% of the drill time, players were in the 85-90% HRmax load intensity zone of SSG4 and SSG5. There was a statistically significant difference in load intensity zones of 80-85% HRmax and ≥ 95% HRmax between SSG5 and SSG6 and p = .008 (η2 p = 0.22) and .013 (η2 p = 0.26), respectively. In the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) evaluation, there was a statistically significant difference in SSG6 and SSG4 p = .003 (η2 p = 0.27) and between SSG6 and SSG5 p = .004 (η2 p = 0.25). The total longest distance in SSG6 was 786.8 ± 41.9 m, but in the one-minute drill the longest average distance in SSG4 was 136.2 ± 21.1 metres per minute. Conclusions . SSGs with a floater are a suitable means for training technical and tactical activities in handball with an overlap into fitness training in women’s handball. According to our results, the intensity of the load will not decrease if we increase the game time to six minutes and also the covered distance will not decrease during the game.

scholarly journals Are there relantionship between internal and external load of aerobic training with heart rate variability in women?

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiago Volpi Braz ◽  
Fábio Yuzo Nakamura ◽  
Michael R Esco ◽  
Felipe Ornelas ◽  
Marlene Aparecida Moreno ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Heart Rate Variability ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Aerobic Training ◽  
Strong Association ◽  
Training Load ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Aerobic Performance ◽  
Large Correlation ◽  
Significant Difference

The purpose was to investigate the relationship between internal training load (ITL), external training load (ETL) and heart rate variability (HRV) in women. 16 women (48.2 ± 6.4 yrs) performed HRV recordings (i.e. lnRMSSD – cardiovagal modulation) and Incremental Shuttle Walk Test (ISWT) before and after 12 aerobic training sessions. HRV threshold (HRVT) were used to prescribe aerobic ETL. The session rating of perceived exertion (s-RPE) was analyzed and served as the measure of ITL. The score found for ITL in the 12 sessions was 2878 ± 380 arbitrary units and ETL were 36822 ± 5852 m. A significant difference was observed in the lnRMSSD (3.14 ± 0.30 vs. 3.43 ± 0.38 ms−1; P = 0.001). There were observed large correlation between lnRMSSD at baseline vs ISWT (r = 0.73, P = 0.001), HRVT (r = 0.67, P = 0.004) and ITL (r = 0.62, P = 0.011). Very large correlation between individual smallest worthwhile change lnRMSSD after training and ITL (r = 0.81, P = 0.0001) was observed. There is a strong association between the HRV and aerobic performance (HRVT and ISWTdistance) and strong relationship between HRV and the potential to accumulate ITL, but not aerobic ETL in women.

scholarly journals Investigating the Effect of Individual Rotations on the Physical and Physiological Performance in Elite Female Field Hockey Players

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 1022
Author(s):  
Aideen McGuinness ◽  
Darren Kenna ◽  
Adam Grainger ◽  
Kieran Collins
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Maximal Velocity ◽  
Field Hockey ◽  
Match Play ◽  
Total Distance ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Hockey Players ◽  
Rate Maximum ◽  
Physiological Demands

To quantify the rotational demands of elite female field hockey with respect to position. Twenty-eight (n = 28) elite international field hockey players were recruited during the 2018–2020 seasons. Players were monitored with GPS technology and heart-rate monitors. Methods: Activity was categorised into total distance (m), relative total distance (m·min−1), high-speed distance (m; 16 km∙h−1), relative high-speed distance (m·min−1), max velocity (km·h−1), and percentage maximal velocity (%Vmax). Physiological demands were assessed via heart rate measures (bpm and % HRmax) and time > 80% heart rate maximum. Results: A single rotation equated to 7 ± 0.8 min. Players covered a mean total distance of was 868 ± 132 m (125.7 ± 5.9 m·min−1) with 140 ± 39 m at high-speed (21.7 ± 3.6 m·min−1). A significant difference was reported for relative total (p ≤ 0.001), and high-speed (p ≤ 0.001), distance across positional. Forwards were reported to cover the most relative total and high-speed distance (d = 1.0) when compared to defenders and midfielders. Conclusion: The study provides normative data for rotational demands of elite female field hockey. Coaches should consider these demands when developing training drills to better optimise the positional physical and physiological demands of competitive match-play.

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