Grades, Aspirations, and Postsecondary Education Outcomes

In this paper, we exploit a rich longitudinal data set to explore the forces that, during high school, shape the development of aspirations to attend university and achieve academic success. We then investigate how these aspirations, along with grades and other variables, impact educational outcomes such as going to university and graduating. It turns out that parental expectations and peer factors have direct and indirect effects on educational outcomes through their impact on both grades and aspirations. Policy measures that enlighten parents about the value of education may positively modify educational outcomes.

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Optimization of the promotion mix in the healthcare industry

International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Healthcare Marketing ◽

10.1108/ijphm-03-2013-0008 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. 289-305

Author(s):

Dominique Haughton ◽

Guangying Hua ◽

Danny Jin ◽

John Lin ◽

Qizhi Wei ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Data Mining ◽

Indirect Effects ◽

Directed Acyclic Graphs ◽

Optimization Process ◽

Sales Volume ◽

Healthcare Industry ◽

Direct And Indirect Effects ◽

Data Set ◽

Content Type ◽

Data Mining Techniques

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to propose data mining techniques to model the return on investment from various types of promotional spending to market a drug and then use the model to draw conclusions on how the pharmaceutical industry might go about allocating promotion expenditures in a more efficient manner, potentially reducing costs to the consumer. The main contributions of the paper are two-fold. First, it demonstrates how to undertake a promotion mix optimization process in the pharmaceutical context and carry it through from the beginning to the end. Second, the paper proposes using directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) to help unravel the direct and indirect effects of various promotional media on sales volume. Design/methodology/approach – A synthetic data set was constructed to prototype proposed data mining techniques and two analyses approaches were investigated. Findings – The two methods were found to yield insights into the problem of the promotion mix in the context of the healthcare industry. First, a factor analysis followed by a regression analysis and an optimization algorithm applied to the resulting equation were used. Second, DAG was used to unravel direct and indirect effects of promotional expenditures on new prescriptions. Research limitations/implications – The data are synthetic and do not incorporate any time autocorrelations. Practical implications – The promotion mix optimization process is demonstrated from the beginning to the end, and the issue of negative coefficient in promotion mix models are addressed. In addition, a method is proposed to identify direct and indirect effects on new prescriptions. Social implications – A better allocation of promotional expenditures has the potential for reducing the cost of healthcare to consumers. Originality/value – The contributions of the paper are two-fold: for the first time in the literature (to the best of the authors’ knowledge), the authors have undertaken a promotion mix optimization process and have carried it through from the beginning to the end Second, the authors propose the use of DAGs to help unravel the effects of various promotion media on sales volume, notably direct and indirect effects.

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Giving Intention Versus Giving Behavior: How Differently Do Satisfaction, Trust, and Commitment Relate to Them?

Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly ◽

10.1177/0899764019843340 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 48 (5) ◽

pp. 1023-1044 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Jen Shang ◽

Adrian Sargeant ◽

Kathryn Carpenter

Keyword(s):

Indirect Effects ◽

Effect Sizes ◽

Categorical Variables ◽

Direct And Indirect Effects ◽

Group Level ◽

Data Set ◽

Individual Level ◽

Unique Data ◽

First Time ◽

Practical Implications

This research quantifies for the first time in the literature how strong the direct and indirect relationships are between satisfaction, trust, and commitment and giving intention versus giving behavior. We constructed a unique data set of over 17,000 donors from five large charities. We applied the latest mediation framework for categorical variables from consumer behavior. We found that at a group level, most of the direct and indirect effects that exist between satisfaction, trust, commitment, and giving intention also exist between these factors and giving behavior, but the effect sizes are between 3 to 8 times larger in modeling giving intentions than in modeling giving behavior. When giving intention and giving behavior are matched at an individual level, all group-level findings are replicated. In addition, we found 27% of the donors with no intention to give, actually gave. Theoretical, empirical, methodological, and practical implications are discussed.

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Effects of Grit on the Academic Success of Adult Female Students at Korean Open University

Psychological Reports ◽

10.1177/0033294117734834 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 121 (4) ◽

pp. 705-725 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Mae Hyang Hwang ◽

Hyo Jin Lim ◽

Hye Suk Ha

Keyword(s):

Academic Success ◽

Grade Point Average ◽

Indirect Effects ◽

School Success ◽

Female Students ◽

Self Control ◽

Open University ◽

Direct And Indirect Effects ◽

Negative Effects ◽

Grade Point

This study examined the structural relationship between age, grit (i.e., perseverance of effort and consistency of interest), conscientiousness, self-control, and school success of female students at an Open University in Korea. We analyzed 509 students’ responses, and it turned out that the level of perseverance of effort was negatively correlated with academic maladjustment. Also, perseverance of effort had a positive indirect effect on grade point average scores. Conscientiousness and self-control were found to be positively correlated with grit factors and they had negative effects on academic maladjustment through perseverance of effort. Age had both direct and indirect effects on grit and academic success of the students.

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Quotas and Party Priorities: Direct and Indirect Effects of Quota Laws

Political Research Quarterly ◽

10.1177/1065912918809493 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 72 (4) ◽

pp. 849-862

Author(s):

Ana Catalano Weeks

Keyword(s):

Panel Data ◽

Indirect Effects ◽

Women In Politics ◽

Direct And Indirect Effects ◽

Short Term ◽

Data Set ◽

Party Leaders ◽

Regression Methods ◽

Gender Quota

In light of increasing numbers of women in politics, extant research has examined the role of women in the parliamentary party on agenda-setting. This paper complements that literature by exploring the effect of a gendered institution theorized to promote both numbers of women and awareness of women’s interests: gender quota laws. I suggest that after a quota law, parties could have incentives to either reduce ( backlash effect) or increase ( salience effect) attention to women’s policy concerns. Using matching and regression methods with a panel data set of parties in advanced democracies, I find that parties in countries that implement a quota law devote more attention to social justice issues in their manifestos than similar parties in countries without a quota. Furthermore, the paper shows that this effect is driven entirely by the law itself. Contrary to expectations, quota laws are not associated with increases in women in my (short-term) sample; it is thus no surprise that no evidence of an indirect effect through numbers of women is found. I interpret the findings as evidence of quota contagion, whereby quotas cue party leaders to compete on gender equality issues.

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A Prevention Agenda for 2020 and Beyond: Why Environmental Interventions Matter Now More Than Ever

Journal of Prevention and Health Promotion ◽

10.1177/2632077020937690 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 5-33

Author(s):

Elizabeth Vera

Keyword(s):

Indirect Effects ◽

Educational Outcomes ◽

Underserved Populations ◽

Direct And Indirect Effects ◽

Predominant Role ◽

Environmental Interventions

The next wave of prevention specialists must pay increased attention to the direct and indirect effects of the environment on a variety of health and educational outcomes. As a result, it is critical that environment-focused interventions (including those that target systems/organizations, policy, and natural ecologies) play a more predominant role in a future prevention agenda. Recommendations are made for conceptualizing and evaluating the success of such efforts. Suggestions are also made for the types of training that future prevention professionals will need to be effective at environment-focused and systems-level prevention efforts. Examples of interventions aimed at meeting the needs of underserved populations are offered.

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The impact of cultural sensitivity and information exchange on relationship quality

Marketing Intelligence & Planning ◽

10.1108/mip-12-2012-0140 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 32 (7) ◽

pp. 754-768 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Trang T.M. Nguyen ◽

Tho Dinh Nguyen

Keyword(s):

Relationship Quality ◽

Market Orientation ◽

Cultural Sensitivity ◽

Indirect Effects ◽

Information Exchange ◽

Future Research ◽

Direct And Indirect Effects ◽

Data Set ◽

Content Type ◽

The Impact

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the mediating roles of cultural sensitivity and information exchange in the impact of market orientation on relationship quality. Design/methodology/approach – Using a survey data set collected from a systematic sample of 297 Vietnamese exporters, the authors tested a model that depicts the direct and indirect effects of market orientation on relationship quality. Findings – The authors found that market orientation has both direct and indirect effects, mediated by cultural sensitivity and information exchange, on relationship quality. Research limitations/implications – A major limitation of this study is the investigation only one side of the dyad, the exporter. Future research should use data collected from two sides of the dyad, the exporter and the importer. Practical implications – The results of this study suggest that, exporters, who want to maintain high quality relationships with importers, should adopt a market-oriented strategy to enhance the degree of cultural sensitization to as well as the level of exchange of information with their importers. Originality/value – This study enhances the understanding of predictors of relationship quality in export markets by confirming the mediating role of cultural sensitivity and information exchange in the impact of market orientation on relationship quality.

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