scholarly journals Taxes for the People or for the Government? A Global Governance Perspective

2020 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 389-407
Author(s):  
Sebastian Lazăr ◽  
Bogdan Gabriel Zugravu ◽  
Adina Dornean
Keyword(s):  
World Bank ◽  
Rule Of Law ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Public Services ◽  
Annual Growth Rate ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Regulatory Quality ◽  
The World ◽  
Control Of Corruption

The paper investigates the determinants of taxes collected net of public services for a sample of 104 countries from all over the world over 1996-2016 period. Starting from the assumption that what really matters for the taxpayer is the tax money that actually return to the society, after paying the cost of government, we introduce the concept of taxes collected net of public services as the difference between taxes to GDP ratio and general public services expenditures to the GDP ratio and investigates its determinants from governance perspective. The main determinants looked upon were worldwide governance indicators (WGI): control of corruption, government effectiveness, political stability, regulatory quality, rule of law and voice and accountability, taken from World Bank surveys. As control variable we used GDP per capita annual growth rate. We include year fixed effects in order to control for global economic crisis, and also country fixed effects to control for unobservable country-level factors that are constant over the sample period. The analysis follows the World Bank country classification on level of development: low income, lower middle-, higher middle income and high-income countries. The results show that the rule of law governance characteristic affected the taxes net of public services the most, both in terms of economic effect and of countries coverage, while the control of corruption and regulatory quality were found significant only for lower-middle income countries and low-income countries respectively. Policy recommendations were made accordingly.

Does country-level governance enhance ethical behaviour of firms? An African perspective

2015 ◽  
Vol 57 (6) ◽  
pp. 582-599 ◽  
Author(s):  
Otuo Serebour Agyemang ◽  
Giulia Fantini ◽  
Joyce Frimpong
Keyword(s):  
Quality Control ◽  
Rule Of Law ◽  
Good Governance ◽  
Ethical Behaviour ◽  
Ethical Standards ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Regulatory Quality ◽  
The World ◽  
Control Of Corruption

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between country-level governance and ethical behaviour of firms in African countries in the period 2009-2012. Design/methodology/approach – It uses a broad set of country-level governance ratings by the World Bank and data on ethical behaviour of firms by the World Economic Forum’s report on Global Competitiveness. Full data of a total of 39 African economies out of the 54 (including two disputed) economies over the sample period were obtained for this analysis. Findings – The authors find a statistically significant and positive relationship between country-level rule of law, regulatory quality, control of corruption and democracy, and firm ethical behaviour of firms in African economies. This implies that improvement in country-level rule of law, regulatory quality, control of corruption and democracy tends to be associated with sound ethical behaviour of firms in African economies. However, the authors did not find any statistically significant relationship between country-level accountability, political stability, outsider model of governance and ethical behaviour of firms. Practical implications – As a continent that is yet to fully discover its potential, the practice of good governance is particularly germane, as this may not only help ensure sound ethical standards of corporations, but may also aid the continent to attract foreign investors, which will beneficially impact economic growth and development of African economies. In this respect, efforts by governments across the continent to ensuring good governance are laudable. One possible way is to ensure an effective and transparent enforcement of laws to stimulate compliance in a specifically clear-cut manner by crafting costs for non-compliance (for instance, legal costs, investigation cost, imprisonment, dent to image and fines). Originality/value – This paper reinforces the belief that the existence of country-level good governance could provide and enhance cohesive and internally consistent ethical standards of companies.

Clientelism and Democracy

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 415-435
Author(s):  
Jamie M. Sommer
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Internal State ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Institutional Structures ◽  
Low Incomes ◽  
The World ◽  
Fixed Effects Regression ◽  
National Governments ◽  
Cross National

Abstract Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions are rapidly increasing across the world. While national governments are usually seen as having the power, authority, and ability to make significant reductions in their CO2 outputs, cross-national research rarely focuses on the institutional structures of states that moderate their CO2 emissions. Previous research that focuses on internal state factors largely focus on democracy and find wildly conflicting results. This research argues that clientelism is a missing piece of the puzzle in explaining how democracy impacts CO2 emissions. Building on the extant contradictory research, the present study uses two-way fixed effects regression analysis for 150 nations from 1971-2014 to understand how the interaction between clientelism and democracy impacts CO2 emissions. The findings reveal that controlling for clientelism reduces CO2 outputs more in high-income and low-income nations with higher levels of participatory democracy. However, the interaction is not statistically significant for all nations, nor for middle-income nations. These results suggest that reducing clientelist relationships in nations with high- and low-incomes, but not middle incomes will make participatory democracies more effective at reducing CO2 emissions.

More money will boost World Bank's development role

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
World Bank ◽  
Low Income ◽  
National Income ◽  
The United States ◽  
World Bank Group ◽  
Bank Capital ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
The World

Subject Spending the World Bank capital increase Significance The shareholders of the World Bank Group (WBG) agreed to a negotiated financial and policy package at the April 2018 bi-annual meeting. The proposed 13-billion-dollar paid-in capital increase will be the largest on record. Although the United States will not participate in the increase, Chinese and US concessions enabled the grand bargain, signalling the resilience of multilateralism in global development. Impacts The deal will significantly benefit China as a shareholder but will be to its detriment as a World Bank borrower. Financing will become cheaper and more plentiful for middle-income countries of below 6,895 dollars gross national income (GNI) per capita. Private investors will gradually gain access to more WBG instruments and to new markets in low-income and fragile countries.

scholarly journals Policy Watch: Debt Relief

2006 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 207-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
Serkan Arslanalp ◽  
Peter Blair Henry
Keyword(s):  
World Bank ◽  
International Monetary Fund ◽  
Low Income ◽  
The United States ◽  
Debt Relief ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
The World ◽  
Heads Of State ◽  
The International Monetary Fund

At the Gleneagles summit in July 2005, the heads of state from the G-8 countries—the United States, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia and the United Kingdom—called on the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Bank and the African Development Bank to cancel 100 percent of their debt claims on the world's poorest countries. The world's richest countries have agreed in principle to forgive roughly $55 billion dollars owed by the world's poorest nations. This article considers the wisdom of the proposal for debt forgiveness, from the standpoint of stimulating economic growth in highly indebted countries. In the 1980s, debt relief under the “Brady Plan” helped to restore investment and growth in a number of middle-income developing countries. However, the debt relief plan for the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) launched by the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund in 1996 has had little impact on either investment or growth in the recipient countries. We will explore the key differences between the countries targeted by these two debt relief schemes and argue that the Gleneagles proposal for debt relief is, at best, likely to have little effect at all. Debt relief is unlikely to help the world's poorest countries because, unlike the middle-income Brady countries, their main economic difficulty is not debt overhang, but an absence of functional economic institutions that provide the foundation for profitable investment and growth. We will show that debt relief may be more valuable for Brady-like middle-income countries than for low-income ones because of how it leverages the private sector.

scholarly journals Are performances in Governance Indicators Complementary to Corruption Abatement?

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Kamal Ray ◽  
Ramesh Das
Keyword(s):  
World Bank ◽  
Rule Of Law ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Causal Link ◽  
Causality Test ◽  
Government Effectiveness ◽  
Governance Indicators ◽  
Regulatory Quality ◽  
Corruption Perception ◽  
Control Of Corruption

Private use of public office for private gain could be a tentative connotation of corruption and most distasteful event of corruption is that it is not there, nor that it is pervasive, but it is socially acknowledged in the global economy, especially in the developing nations. In the present paper we attempt to assess the interrelationship between the Corruption perception index (CPI) and the principal components of governance indicators as per World Bank Governance Indicators like Control of Corruption (CC), Rule of Law (RL), Regulatory Quality (RQ) and Government Effectiveness (GE). Applying Granger Causality Test the study observes a mixed or inconclusive result. Only bilateral causal link between the CPI and CC works for UK, whereas there are unilateral causal links between the CPI and one or more governance indicators working for other countries for France, Japan, China, India, Thailand and South Africa. In no way causalities are observed for USA, Germany and Brazil.

scholarly journals Підхід до визначення вектора розвитку системи надання публічних послуг в Україні за допомогою міжнародної рейтингової системи WGI

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (1-2) ◽  
Author(s):  
V. V. Kyzyma ◽  
O. V. Ignatova
Keyword(s):  
World Bank ◽  
Government Effectiveness ◽  
Governance Indicator ◽  
Governance Indicators ◽  
Regulatory Quality ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
The World ◽  
Worldwide Governance Indicator ◽  
Control Of Corruption

Проблемою нинішнього етапу реформування сфери публічних послуг визнано не-належну якість їх надання. Вирішенню завдань державного управління присвяченіроботи В. Рача, Т. Маматової, в яких пропонується Концептуальна модель визначен-ня вектора розвитку соціально-економічної системи, яку пропонують як методоло-гічний інструмент наукового дослідження. Для інформаційного забезпечення оцінкиякості публічних послуг країн у складі індекс «Ефективність роботи уряду» показни-ка «Якість та ефективність державного управління» В. Кизима запропонував розгля-дати Worldwide Governance Indicators як міжнародний показник.Метою статті є визначення вектора розвитку системи надання публічних послуг вУкраїні за допомогою міжнародної рейтингової системи WGI із використанням кон-цептуальної моделі визначення вектора розвитку соціально-економічної системи, щобула запропонована В. Рачом і Т. Маматовою.За результатами дослідження, проведеного авторами статті з допомогою інфор-маційної системи, яка представлена на сайті Worldwide Governance Indicator у видіWGI Project, згруповані сукупні й індивідуальні показники країн за показникомякості й ефективності державного управління за період 1996 - 2013 роки. Аналіз змі-ни рейтингової позиції України вказав на залежність показників якості державногоуправління між собою, до того ж, найбільш впливові виявилися показники «Якістьзаконодавства (Regulatory Quality)», Стримання корупції (Control of Corruption) таЕфективність роботи уряду (Government Effectiveness). Крім того, відокремилисьетапи, в яких відслідковується ця залежність. Найбільш чітко послідовна залежністьпоказників проявилась на IV періоді (з 2005 по 2009 роки). Результати на інших пері-одах теж не суперечать гіпотезі.Особливості визначення вектора розвитку державного управління в Україні ви-значені з використанням Концептуальної моделі, яку В. Рач та Т. Маматова запропо-нували у вигляді підходу щодо визначення вектора руху соціально-економічної сис-теми, який складається з п’яти етапів:- прогнозування стану бенчмаркінгової системи: система державного управлін-ня країн Європейського Союзу, 2020 рік. Характерні ознаки (функція державногоуправління з надання послуг); основний показник успішності державного управлін-ня (якість та ефективність державного управління);- визначення граничних показників майбутнього стану об’єднаної системи: ре-зультати глобальних міжнародних досліджень Worldwide Governance Indicator (WGI)за Методиками Всесвітнього банку (The World Bank);- окреслення реперної зони: показники країн-членів Європейського Союзу. Показ-ник Якість державного управління (Governance Matters) зокрема у виді рейтингу заІндексом Ефективності роботи уряду (Government Effectiveness);- оцінювання нинішнього стану системи: показник Якість державного управлін-ня, що визначається рейтингами України у 2013 році за індексом Ефективності робо-ти уряду (30-е місце);- спрямування вектора руху системи: для визначення основних положень розвиткуполітичного напряму розвитку щодо спрямування вектора руху України постає завдання дослідження відповідності реалізації функції державного управління в Україні міжнародним нормам і усталеним практикам. В статті доведено, що актуальними до нинішнього часу залишаються положення, що основна функція публічного управління – це функція надання послуг і вона буде характеризувати Економічний адміністративний простір ще упродовж 2010-2015 рр. Дослідження з питання оцінки якості та ефективності державного управління (за даними WGI) дозволило висунути гіпотезу, що для України розрахункові індекси оцінки якості та ефективності державного управління мають чітку послідовну залежність, тому дослідження їх доцільно проводити в комплексі. Також схарактеризовано особливості визначення вектора розвитку системи надання публічних послуг в Україні за допомогою міжнародної рейтингової системи WGI із використанням концептуальної моделі визначення вектора розвитку соціально-економічної системи.

scholarly journals Global trends in medical education accreditation

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Deborah Bedoll ◽  
Marta van Zanten ◽  
Danette McKinley
Keyword(s):  
Medical Education ◽  
World Bank ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Regional Cooperation ◽  
Medical Schools ◽  
Income Group ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Fiscal Year ◽  
The World ◽  
Google Search

Abstract Background Accreditation systems in medical education aim to assure various stakeholders that graduates are ready to further their training or begin practice. The purpose of this paper is to explore the current state of medical education accreditation around the world and describe the incidence and variability of these accreditation agencies worldwide. This paper explores trends in agency age, organization, and scope according to both World Bank region and income group. Methods To find information on accreditation agencies, we searched multiple online accreditation and quality assurance databases as well as the University of Michigan Online Library and the Google search engine. All included agencies were recorded on a spreadsheet along with date of formation or first accreditation activity, name changes, scope, level of government independence, accessibility and type of accreditation standards, and status of WFME recognition. Comparisons by country region and income classification were made based on the World Bank’s lists for fiscal year 2021. Results As of August 2020, there were 3,323 operating medical schools located in 186 countries or territories listed in the World Directory of Medical Schools. Ninety-two (49%) of these countries currently have access to undergraduate accreditation that uses medical-specific standards. Sixty-four percent (n = 38) of high-income countries have medical-specific accreditation available to their medical schools, compared to only 20% (n = 6) of low-income countries. The majority of World Bank regions experienced the greatest increase in medical education accreditation agency establishment since the year 2000. Conclusions Most smaller countries in Europe, South America, and the Pacific only have access to general undergraduate accreditation, and many countries in Africa have no accreditation available. In countries where medical education accreditation exists, the scope and organization of the agencies varies considerably. Regional cooperation and international agencies seem to be a growing trend. The data described in our study can serve as an important resource for further investigations on the effectiveness of accreditation activities worldwide. Our research also highlights regions and countries that may need focused accreditation development support.

scholarly journals Population cluster data to assess the urban-rural split and electrification in Sub-Saharan Africa

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Babak Khavari ◽  
Alexandros Korkovelos ◽  
Andreas Sahlberg ◽  
Mark Howells ◽  
Francesco Fuso Nerini
Keyword(s):  
World Bank ◽  
Population Distribution ◽  
Population Data ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Demographic And Health Surveys ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Disease Response ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
The World ◽  
Urban Rural

AbstractHuman settlements are usually nucleated around manmade central points or distinctive natural features, forming clusters that vary in shape and size. However, population distribution in geo-sciences is often represented in the form of pixelated rasters. Rasters indicate population density at predefined spatial resolutions, but are unable to capture the actual shape or size of settlements. Here we suggest a methodology that translates high-resolution raster population data into vector-based population clusters. We use open-source data and develop an open-access algorithm tailored for low and middle-income countries with data scarcity issues. Each cluster includes unique characteristics indicating population, electrification rate and urban-rural categorization. Results are validated against national electrification rates provided by the World Bank and data from selected Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS). We find that our modeled national electrification rates are consistent with the rates reported by the World Bank, while the modeled urban/rural classification has 88% accuracy. By delineating settlements, this dataset can complement existing raster population data in studies such as energy planning, urban planning and disease response.

scholarly journals Tuberculosis and Non-Communicable Disease Multimorbidity: An Analysis of the World Health Survey in 48 Low- and Middle-Income Countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 2439
Author(s):  
Brendon Stubbs ◽  
Kamran Siddiqi ◽  
Helen Elsey ◽  
Najma Siddiqi ◽  
Ruimin Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Survey ◽  
Low Income ◽  
World Health ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Multivariable Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
World Health Survey ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
The World ◽  
Low And Middle Income

Tuberculosis (TB) is a leading cause of mortality in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). TB multimorbidity [TB and ≥1 non-communicable diseases (NCDs)] is common, but studies are sparse. Cross-sectional, community-based data including adults from 21 low-income countries and 27 middle-income countries were utilized from the World Health Survey. Associations between 9 NCDs and TB were assessed with multivariable logistic regression analysis. Years lived with disability (YLDs) were calculated using disability weights provided by the 2017 Global Burden of Disease Study. Eight out of 9 NCDs (all except visual impairment) were associated with TB (odds ratio (OR) ranging from 1.38–4.0). Prevalence of self-reported TB increased linearly with increasing numbers of NCDs. Compared to those with no NCDs, those who had 1, 2, 3, 4, and ≥5 NCDs had 2.61 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.14–3.22), 4.71 (95%CI = 3.67–6.11), 6.96 (95%CI = 4.95–9.87), 10.59 (95%CI = 7.10–15.80), and 19.89 (95%CI = 11.13–35.52) times higher odds for TB. Among those with TB, the most prevalent combinations of NCDs were angina and depression, followed by angina and arthritis. For people with TB, the YLDs were three times higher than in people without multimorbidity or TB, and a third of the YLDs were attributable to NCDs. Urgent research to understand, prevent and manage NCDs in people with TB in LMICs is needed.

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