Invasive Asian Carps in North America

2011 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
North America ◽  
Silver Carp ◽  
The United States ◽  
Bighead Carp ◽  
Hypophthalmichthys Nobilis ◽  
Asian Carps

<em>Abstract</em>.—In the United States, a variety of outreach has been done on bighead carp <em>Hypophthalmichthys nobilis </em>and silver carp <em>H. molitrix </em>by a number of organizations and institutions. Because many of these outreach efforts were localized, nonlocalized entities often are unaware of them. Many of the entities conducting outreach, too, do not have a systematic bighead and silver carp (BSC) outreach plan and thus their efforts may not be as efficient or effective as possible. To address these issues, we surveyed organizations in areas where BSC have been found and compiled the reported BSC outreach activities. We then created a comprehensive outreach plan as a template for those conducting BSC outreach and compared it to existing efforts. In this comparison, we found that (1) targeted audiences could be more narrowly focused, (2) easily accessible tools could be more fully utilized, and (3) systematic evaluations need to be conducted to ensure that outreach efforts are being effective. We hope that this compilation and the comprehensive outreach plan will help improve the collective future BSC outreach, making it more efficient and effective.

Invasive Asian Carps in North America

2011 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Kansas City ◽  
Silver Carp ◽  
The United States ◽  
Bighead Carp ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
White Meat ◽  
Nutritional Elements ◽  
Zoo Animals ◽  
Asian Carps

<em>Abstract</em>.—Efforts are underway in the United States to promote the commercial harvest of silver carp <em>Hypophthalmichthys molitrix </em>and bighead carp <em>H. nobilis </em>as a means of controlling the populations of these invasive species. The major uses under consideration are food for people, pets, and zoo animals. Fish in general are a good source of protein, beneficial lipids, and nutritional elements. However, fish from contaminated waters can bioaccumulate toxic elements and persistent organic chemical pollutants to levels that limit consumption. It is important that levels of chemical contaminants and nutritional elements in bigheaded carp of the various regions of the United States be measured. In September of 2005, 30 bighead carp and 30 silver carp were collected from the Missouri River near Easley, Missouri, USA, a location midway between Kansas City and St. Louis. Whole-body composites and skinless, bony white-meat fillet composites were analyzed for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), organochlorine pesticides, 2,2’,4,4’-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE-47), dioxin equivalents, percent lipid, mercury, lead, cadmium, arsenic, selenium, and several other elements. The data showed that in both species of these fish, levels of total PCB, total DDT, total chlordane, PBDE-47, dioxin equivalents, lead, cadmium, arsenic, and selenium were below levels of concern for consumption by humans and domestic animals. The average mercury concentration of 0.070 µg/g wet weight (ww) in three 5-fish silver carp white-meat fillet composites of this study was within the state of Missouri’s “unlimited consumption by sensitive populations” category (<0.088 µg/g ww). The more conservative advisory of the National Fish and Wildlife Contamination Program of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) recommends a limit of three fish meals per week of the Easley Missouri silver carp white-meat fillets. Mercury levels in the three 5-fish composites of bighead carp white-meat fillets averaged 0.21 µg/g ww, falling into the USEPA limit of one fish meal per week. In whole body composites, mercury levels averaged 0.04 µg/g ww in the silver carp and 0.10 µg/g ww in bighead carp, placing both mercury levels below the 0.12 µg/g ww limit set for domestic animal consumption. Calcium concentration, an important factor in formulation of animal feed, was 21 g/kg dry weight (dw) in the whole-body composites of the silver carp compared to 57 g/kg dw in the bighead carp.

Invasive Asian Carps in North America

2011 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Silver Carp ◽  
Free Field ◽  
Bighead Carp ◽  
Skin Extract ◽  
Field Observations ◽  
Total Length ◽  
Hypophthalmichthys Nobilis ◽  
Avoidance Tests ◽  
Asian Carps

<em>Abstract</em>.—The response of bighead carp <em>Hypophthalmichthys nobilis </em>and silver carp <em>H. molitrix </em>to conspecific skin extracts was determined during free-field observations and avoidance tests. The extracts induced freezing/motionlessness, cessation of food-searching activities, and reduced swimming activity in the fish. Silver carp tended to avoid the area where the extract was released and a strong schooling response was induced in bighead carp. In avoidance tests using countercurrent chambers, young bighead carp (5–8 cm total length) were unresponsive to the skin extract (<EM>P </EM>> 0.05). However, in both species, older juveniles (12–25 cm total length) spent significantly less time (<EM>P </EM>< 0.01) in the side of the chamber receiving skin extract solutions. The extract was effective whether freshly prepared or aged at room temperature for 24 h. Freezing did not alter the effectiveness of fresh or frozen extracts. These studies suggest that bighead and silver carp are responsive to conspecific skin extracts and that the use of extracts might be useful to repel carp from habitats of concern.

Invasive Asian Carps in North America

2011 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
North America ◽  
The United States ◽  
Asian Carp ◽  
State Regulation ◽  
Common Denominator ◽  
State Regulations ◽  
Asian Carps ◽  
Economic Considerations ◽  
Vast Network

<em>Abstract</em>.—Regulations are one of the few tools available in the aquatic invasive species (AIS) management toolbox. In a perfect world, they could be used to effectively prevent spread of AIS from watershed to watershed or from continent to continent. But the regulations needed to prevent invasions by species such as Asian carps in North America and the United States are slow to evolve and used reluctantly by federal authorities because they are heavily influenced by regional and national political and economic considerations. State regulations, on the other hand, suffer from the influence of their own local and regional political and economic issues. Some states maintain strict policies and regulations with regard to Asian carp possession and use, but neighboring states may not. And since 48 of the 50 U.S. states are connected by a vast network of rivers, waterways, streams and roadways, invasions continue to occur and to spread. Consequently, Asian carp management in the United States is largely controlled by “least common denominator” state regulation that applies in a given watershed and beyond. This paper presents an overview of Asian carp regulations in the 50 U.S. states and offers suggestions for improved regulations.

Invasive Asian Carps in North America

2011 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Grass Carp ◽  
Silver Carp ◽  
Federal Agencies ◽  
Bighead Carp ◽  
Commercial Fish ◽  
Fish And Wildlife Service ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Asian Carps ◽  
The U.S

<em>Abstract</em>.—Numerous natural resource agency and media reports have alleged that Asian carps were introduced into the wild through escapes from commercial fish farms. This chapter traces the chronology associated with importations of Asian carps to North America and discusses the likeliest pathways of their introduction to the wild. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service first imported an Asian carp species, grass carp <em>Ctenopharyngodon idella</em>, in 1963. Since then, state and federal agencies, universities, and private fish farmers have interacted to import Asian carps, to develop production technologies, and to promote their use in both public and private sectors in a number of different states. These importations and stocking, whether in confinement or, in the case of the grass carp, sometimes in open waters, were purposeful and legal. Asian carps were introduced to take advantage of their unique food preferences (planktivory by silver carp <em>Hypophthalmichthys molitrix </em>and bighead carp <em>H. nobilis</em>, herbivory by grass carp, and molluscivory by black carp <em>Mylopharyngodon piceus</em>). The first known accidental release of diploid grass carp was in 1966 by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service in Stuttgart, Arkansas. Other early reports of grass carp in the wild were from waters in Alabama, Georgia, and Florida. Grass carp were reported from the wild in 1970, 2 years before the first private hatchery received grass carp. By 1972, grass carp had been stocked in open water systems in 16 different states. Silver carp and bighead carp were first imported purposely by a commercial fish producer in Arkansas in 1973. All silver and bighead carps were transferred to the Arkansas Game and Fish Commission by March 1974 where they first successfully spawned silver carp and bighead carp later that year. The first report of silver carp in the wild was in Arizona in 1972, although strong evidence suggests that this may have been a misidentification, followed by reports in Arkansas in the wild in 1975. The Arkansas report occurred 2 years before bighead carp and silver carp were returned to private hatcheries for commercial production. By 1977, silver carp and bighead carp had been introduced to Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, Illinois, and Tennessee. Research and stockings of silver carp and bighead carp were conducted by at least six state and federal agencies and three universities in seven states in the 1970s and 1980s. Public-sector agencies, which were successful in encouraging development and use of Asian carps that today are in commercial trade, are the likeliest pathways for the earliest escapes of grass carp, silver carp, and bighead carp.

Invasive Asian Carps in North America

2011 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Grass Carp ◽  
Silver Carp ◽  
Nuclear Size ◽  
Bighead Carp ◽  
Ctenopharyngodon Idella ◽  
Wild Populations ◽  
Black Carp ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
Asian Carps

<em>Abstract</em>.—The Asian black carp <em>Mylopharyngodon piceus </em>is of interest to the aquaculture industry in the United States as a biological control for snails and mollusks. However, past experience in North America with other Asian carps has raised concern that black carp will establish wild populations and negatively affect native populations of fish and invertebrates, especially mollusks. The demand for black carp has led biologists to seek ways to allow their use while at the same time maintaining control over their distribution and reproduction. Physical containment and restrictions on importation, release, and stocking have mostly failed. Control of reproduction holds more promise. The induction of triploidy (having three sets of chromosomes), which can render an individual biologically sterile, is of particular interest. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of proposed testing procedures used to assure genetic triploidy in black carp prior to distribution by the state of Missouri, using black carp and grass carp <em>Ctenopharyngodon idella</em>. Our objectives were to (1) verify if the ploidy determination methodology (nuclear size) employed was 100% accurate, (2) determine growth and survival of juvenile black carp over extended periods of time under laboratory and pond conditions, and (3) histologically examine development and gametogenesis in gonads collected from triploid and diploid black and grass carps of different ages and stages of maturation. Comparison of erythrocyte nuclear size using the Coulter counter method versus the more accurate method of flow cytometry that measures DNA content indicated an error rate of 0.25% by the former method. Black carp grew and survived well in mid-Missouri ponds. Triploid grass carp males appeared to produce functional gametes, and some triploid black carp male testes had apparently normal spermatocytes within cysts. A few normally developing oocytes at previtellogenic and vitellogenic stages were observed in triploid grass carp females, and a few normal perinuclear oocytes could be identified in triploid black carp females. Currently, the standards of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service’s triploid grass carp voluntary inspection program are being followed by some states to manage triploid black carp. Our results indicate that although the percentage of diploid black carp that could pass through the currently proposed screening program is small, overall numbers of diploid black carp distributed in a state could be substantial depending on the number of triploids distributed. Furthermore, despite indications that triploid male black carp can be expected to be functionally sterile, reproductive studies may be warranted given the large wild populations of diploid grass carp, bighead carp <em>Hypophthalmichthys nobilis</em>, and silver carp <em>H. molitrix </em>in the Mississippi River basin system.

Comparative distribution and invasion risk of snakehead (Channidae) and Asian carp (Cyprinidae) species in North America

2007 ◽  
Vol 64 (12) ◽  
pp. 1723-1735 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leif-Matthias Herborg ◽  
Nicholas E Mandrak ◽  
Becky C Cudmore ◽  
Hugh J MacIsaac
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
North America ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
The United States ◽  
Asian Carp ◽  
Nonindigenous Species ◽  
Effective Management ◽  
Niche Modelling ◽  
High Profile ◽  
Asian Carps

As nonindigenous species are a major threat to global biodiversity, cost-effective management requires identification of areas at high risk of establishment. Here we predict suitable environments of 14 high-profile species of nonindigenous snakehead (Channidae) and Asian carp (Cyprinidae) species in North America based upon ecological niche modelling and compare the driving environmental variables for the two fish groups. Snakeheads distributions were correlated with thermal factors, whereas those of Asian carps were related mainly to precipitation. Predicted suitable ranges for these nonindigenous species can be divided into three main areas: Mexico and the southern United States (five species); Mexico and the United States up to ~35 °N (three species); and most of Mexico, continuous United States, and southern Canada (six species). For the province of Ontario, we combined the number and location of aquarium stores and live fish markets with predicted areas of suitable environments to identify areas at risk of introduction and establishment. We identified several watersheds draining into northwestern Lake Ontario as having the highest risk, highlighting the increased predictive value of this approach.

Magic and Politics

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 5-14
Author(s):  
Sabina Magliocco
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
North America ◽  
Human Behavior ◽  
Presidential Election ◽  
The United States ◽  
Right Wing ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Far Right ◽  
Cultural Expression ◽  
Spirit World

This essay introduces a special issue of Nova Religio on magic and politics in the United States in the aftermath of the 2016 presidential election. The articles in this issue address a gap in the literature examining intersections of religion, magic, and politics in contemporary North America. They approach political magic as an essentially religious phenomenon, in that it deals with the spirit world and attempts to motivate human behavior through the use of symbols. Covering a range of practices from the far right to the far left, the articles argue against prevailing scholarly treatments of the use of esoteric technologies as a predominantly right-wing phenomenon, showing how they have also been operationalized by the left in recent history. They showcase the creativity of magic as a form of human cultural expression, and demonstrate how magic coexists with rationality in contemporary western settings.

Pentecostalism and African diaspora : a case study of the Redeemed Christian Church of God (RCCG), in North America

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 77-92
Author(s):  
Rotimi Williams Omotoye
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
North America ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
The United States ◽  
Church Of God ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Christian Church ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Church

Pentecostalism as a new wave of Christianity became more pronounced in 1970's and beyond in Nigeria. Since then scholars of Religion, History, Sociology and Political Science have shown keen interest in the study of the Churches known as Pentecostals because of the impact they have made on the society. The Redeemed Christian Church of God (RCCG) was established by Pastor Josiah Akindayomi in Lagos,Nigeria in 1952. After his demise, he was succeeded by Pastor Adeboye Adejare Enock. The problem of study of this research was an examination of the expansion of the Redeemed Christian Church of God to North America, Caribbean and Canada. The missionary activities of the church could be regarded as a reversed mission in the propagation of Christianity by Africans in the Diaspora. The methodology adopted was historical. The primary and secondary sources of information were also germane in the research. The findings of the research indicated that the Redeemed Christian Church of God was founded in North America by Immigrants from Nigeria. Pastor Adeboye Enock Adejare had much influence on the Church within and outside the country because of his charisma. The Church has become a place of refuge for many immigrants. They are also contributing to the economy of the United States of America. However, the members of the Church were faced with some challenges, such as security scrutiny by the security agencies. In conclusion, the RCCGNA was a denomination that had been accepted and embraced by Nigerians and African immigrants in the United States of America.

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