scholarly journals Rural-Urban Migration of Food Security and Nutrition: African Studies Over a Decade

2021 ◽  
pp. 85-94
Author(s):  
QUEEN EZENWANYI IWUNZE ◽  
PRNCE CHIKWERE
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Food Insecurity ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Nuclear Family ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
Pubmed Central ◽  
Rural Urban Migration ◽  
Food Security And Nutrition ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

The quest for improved livelihoods and better education among the broader reasons cause individuals and sometimes a whole nuclear family to migrate from rural areas to urban areas. Migration presents with its concerns including food security, nutrition and health. This paper reviews exclusively, though not exhaustive, studies conducted in Africa from 2010 to 2019. Google Scholar and PubMed Central were searched for studies on rural-urban migration and food (in) security and/or health and/or nutrition. Movement of humans is a cause of food insecurity. This food insecurity affects both rural households and urban households, but in different ways. Improvement in food security in the rural areas and urban areas should be done differently and not a one-fit-all approach. The population growth should be checked and significant improvements made in agriculture, in the urban and rural areas.

Rural-Urban Migration of Food Security and Nutrition: African Studies Over a Decade

2021 ◽  
pp. 85-94
Author(s):  
QUEEN EZENWANYI IWUNZE ◽  
PRINCE CHIKWERE
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Food Insecurity ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Nuclear Family ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
Pubmed Central ◽  
Rural Urban Migration ◽  
Food Security And Nutrition ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

The quest for improved livelihoods and better education among the broader reasons cause individuals and sometimes a whole nuclear family to migrate from rural areas to urban areas. Migration presents with its concerns including food security, nutrition and health. This paper reviews exclusively, though not exhaustive, studies conducted in Africa from 2010 to 2019. Google Scholar and PubMed Central were searched for studies on rural-urban migration and food (in) security and/or health and/or nutrition. Movement of humans is a cause of food insecurity. This food insecurity affects both rural households and urban households, but in different ways. Improvement in food security in the rural areas and urban areas should be done differently and not a one-fit-all approach. The population growth should be checked and significant improvements made in agriculture, in the urban and rural areas.

scholarly journals Food Insecurity and the Rising Urbanisation in Africa: Can ICT Revolution Bridge the GAP?

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 217
Author(s):  
Isaac B. Oluwatayo ◽  
Ayodeji O. Ojo
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Food Insecurity ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Climate Change Impacts ◽  
Youth Unemployment ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
Enabling Factors ◽  
Rural Urban Migration ◽  
African Agriculture

The task of reducing food insecurity in Africa is very challenging. This is because of the changing conditions such as adverse climate change impacts. This study examined food insecurity, urbanisation and ICT in Africa.  The paper employed a combination of both secondary and historical information obtained from different sources (UNHCR, FAO, Mo Ibrahim Foundation etc). Analytical method used include descriptive statistics such as charts. Food security indices in Africa is alarming and disturbing. One in four people in Africa do not have access to food in adequate quantities and one in five African children are underweight. African agriculture is rendered unattractive by low productivity hence the exodus of labour from rural to urban areas. Africa is the most rapidly urbanising continent in the world with enabling factors comprising of infrastructure deficits in rural areas, dearth of employment opportunities and glamour of city life. However, Africa’s urban centres are not immune to the challenges inducing rural-urban migration in the first place. In fact, youth unemployment in Africa is 6 times higher in urban areas than in rural areas. About 72percent of urban dwellers live in slums with the most of them having no access to basic amenities. These culminated in what is regarded in literature as ‘urbanisation of poverty’. Migrants are generally scapegoated as the causes of crimes, violence and even unemployment in urban areas. Therefore, they are subjected to sub-human living conditions. Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is particularly critical to the achievement of food security in Africa. This is because of the huge gap between markets and farmers which it is capable of filling. The paper therefore recommends increased but monitored investments in infrastructure in Africa in order to make rural areas more attractive and discourage rural-urban migration. There is also the need to provide favourable micro and macro-environment for businesses to grow especially in rural Africa. 

scholarly journals Food Insecurity and the Rising Urbanisation in Africa: Can ICT Revolution Bridge the GAP?

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (1(J)) ◽  
pp. 217-223
Author(s):  
Isaac B. Oluwatayo ◽  
Ayodeji O. Ojo
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Food Insecurity ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Climate Change Impacts ◽  
Youth Unemployment ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
Enabling Factors ◽  
Rural Urban Migration ◽  
African Agriculture

The task of reducing food insecurity in Africa is very challenging. This is because of the changing conditions such as adverse climate change impacts. This study examined food insecurity, urbanisation and ICT in Africa.  The paper employed a combination of both secondary and historical information obtained from different sources (UNHCR, FAO, Mo Ibrahim Foundation etc). Analytical method used include descriptive statistics such as charts. Food security indices in Africa is alarming and disturbing. One in four people in Africa do not have access to food in adequate quantities and one in five African children are underweight. African agriculture is rendered unattractive by low productivity hence the exodus of labour from rural to urban areas. Africa is the most rapidly urbanising continent in the world with enabling factors comprising of infrastructure deficits in rural areas, dearth of employment opportunities and glamour of city life. However, Africa’s urban centres are not immune to the challenges inducing rural-urban migration in the first place. In fact, youth unemployment in Africa is 6 times higher in urban areas than in rural areas. About 72percent of urban dwellers live in slums with the most of them having no access to basic amenities. These culminated in what is regarded in literature as ‘urbanisation of poverty’. Migrants are generally scapegoated as the causes of crimes, violence and even unemployment in urban areas. Therefore, they are subjected to sub-human living conditions. Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is particularly critical to the achievement of food security in Africa. This is because of the huge gap between markets and farmers which it is capable of filling. The paper therefore recommends increased but monitored investments in infrastructure in Africa in order to make rural areas more attractive and discourage rural-urban migration. There is also the need to provide favourable micro and macro-environment for businesses to grow especially in rural Africa. 

scholarly journals RURAL URBAN MIGRATION AND WOMEN IN URBAN SLUMS OF KARACHI

2017 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-91
Author(s):  
Shagufta Nasreen ◽  
Asma Manzoor
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Development Planning ◽  
Urban Slums ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
Distribution Of Resources ◽  
Rural Urban Migration ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Questionnaire Method

Poverty creates many problems. Out of which one major problem is an increase in migration rate. In Pakistan, the rate of inter province and rural urban migration has increased in the last few years resulting in an expansion in urban population. The objective of this study was to explore the experience of women who have migrated from rural to urban areas with their families and are living in urban slums. Moreover, the study aims to explore the reasons of migration from rural to urban areas, the change occurred in their living conditions and their level of satisfaction. Total 100 women from selected katchi abadis (urban slums) of Karachi and were in-depth interviewed through questionnaire method. To have an in depth analysis of the situation, both open and closed ended questions were included. Results show that most of these women have migrated with their families due to poverty. The need is to take decisions that promote equity and social justice. The distribution of resources and development planning need to focus on the need of urban and rural areas on equal bases because just moving towards metropolitan city does not change their living rather it is deteriorating the situation.

Integrated approaches for infrastructure

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Leyeka Lufumpa ◽  
Maurice Mubila ◽  
Tito Yepes
Keyword(s):  
Development Strategy ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Rural Urban Migration ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

Given some of the key infrastructure challenges facing the continent, what is needed is a regionally integrated approach to confront these infrastructure challenges. The two main pillars of the infrastructure agenda are: (i) to strengthen the foundations for higher productivity in the main cities and (ii) to ensure a more even distribution of basic living standards. By clustering, firms increase the demand for infrastructure, thereby reaping cost savings from agglomeration. Inclusive growth also demands a more even distribution of basic living conditions in both rural and urban areas. This entails framing not only a coherent urban agenda, but also a commensurate rural agenda, to counter the incentives for rural–urban migration. What is needed is a broader vision of the technologies that can be deployed for service provision; the bundling of services wherever possible to increase effectiveness in peri-urban and rural areas; and a complementary rural development strategy.

scholarly journals Influencing Factors of Rural Families’ Migration to Urban Area: The Case of Kabul, Afghanistan

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Abdul Ahad Hakim ◽  
Ismet Boz
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Rural Families ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Manuscript Preparation ◽  
Gender Inequalities ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Urban Migrants ◽  
Rural Urban Migration

Aims: This study aimed to determine factors influencing rural families’ migration to urban areas in Kabul, Afghanistan. Place and Duration of Study: Data were collected in different neighbourhoods of Kabul, Afghanistan during the July-September period of 2019. Data analyses and manuscript preparation were completed in the October-December period of 2019. Methodology: First, the most populated neighbourhoods of Kabul, particularly those areas where the majority of families migrated from rural areas were determined. The data of the study were collected from 400 rural-urban migrants in Kabul city. The questionnaires were filled during face to face informal meetings with households. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, including frequencies, percentages, and means. The questionnaire included socio-economic characteristics of rural-urban migrants, pushing and pulling factors which affected rural migration, reasons for insecurity in rural areas, and satisfaction and reintegration of migrants in Kabul city. Results: The results show that unemployment with 9.53 and fear of terror with 9.15 are the most effective pushing factors for rural families to migrate. However, the most important pulling factors which make Kabul city attractive for rural families are the issues regarding rights (women rights with 8.82, having right to vote with 8.73 and human rights with 8.71). Conclusion: In the last five years Afghanistan had huge number immigration internally (1.1 million person) and internationally (1.7 million people) Results of this study suggest that to slower rural-urban migration in Afghanistan, rural development programs should be implemented, and the priority of these programs should be given to the creation of employment opportunities and eliminating gender inequalities in rural areas. Otherwise, either rural-urban migration or dissatisfaction of being in Kabul and preferring not reintegrating back to their villages will make rural-urban migrants seek international migration.

scholarly journals The Effects of Types of Residence and Nutrition Knowledge on Food Insecurity Status Among Syrian Refugees Residing in the State of Florida

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 901-901
Author(s):  
Racha Sankar ◽  
Adriana Campa ◽  
Florence George ◽  
Justina Owusu ◽  
Catherine Coccia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Food Insecurity ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Nutrition Knowledge ◽  
The State ◽  
Syrian Refugees ◽  
Exact Test ◽  
Fisher's Exact Test ◽  
Fisher’S Exact Test

Abstract Objectives As a recently arrived vulnerable population, food insecurity might be associated with types of residence and nutrition knowledge among Syrian refugees residing in the State of Florida. We assessed the relationship between food insecurity status, types of residence and nutrition knowledge among Syrian refugees in Florida. Methods In one-on-one sessions, the assessments of nutrition knowledge and food insecurity were completed in 80 households (n = 80, 43 in rural area, 37 in urban area). The outcome measures included demographics, types of residence, food insecurity status, the levels of food insecurity, and nutrition knowledge. Results Of the 80 households, 20% were food secure while 80% of households experienced food insecurity at different levels. Fisher's exact test showed significant differences between the levels of food insecurity in rural and urban areas, P = 0.02. The mean nutrition knowledge score (42.0 ± 13.6) indicated that Syrian refugees had fair nutrition knowledge. Fisher's exact test showed marginal differences between the levels of food insecurity in households with different nutrition knowledge, P = 0.08. The results of our multivariate logistic regression model showed that types of residence had an inverse significant effect on food security, which remained significant after controlling for nutrition knowledge. Syrian refugees in rural areas had 78.4 greater odds of being food insecure compared with urban areas, odds ratio = 0.216, 95% CI: 0.06–0.777, P = 0.02. Conclusions Food insecurity was experienced by 80% of our participants. It was estimated that Syrian refugees had fair nutrition knowledge. Geographical location, types of residence, is a determinant for food insecurity status; Syrian refugees residing in rural areas are more likely to be food insecure compared with urban areas. Greater nutrition knowledge might increase the likelihood of food security among Syrian refugee households. Increasing sample size may be recommended to support our findings. Funding Sources Personal funding.

scholarly journals Rural-Urban Migration in Nigeria, Implication on the Development of the Society: Anambra State as the Focus of the Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 209
Author(s):  
Anselem C. Nweke
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Rural Economy ◽  
Natural Increase ◽  
Mode Analysis ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
Anambra State ◽  
Rural Urban Migration ◽  
The Government

This paper examines the implication of rural- urban migration on Nigeria Society using Anambra state as focus of the study. Cities have been growing both through natural increase and through stampede from rural areas in Nigeria. People migrate to urban areas based on the prevailing conditions they fund themselves and the reasons for the migration vary from one individual to another depending on the situation that informs the decision to migrate. In most rural areas, the effect of rural-urban migration was a rapid deterioration of the rural economy leading to poverty and food scarcity. The cause of the phenomenon has been described as the push factors in the rural areas and the pull factors in the urban areas. The objective of this paper is to identify the implication of rural-urban migration on Nigeria society. It is a survey research. Thus, 1200 questionnaire were distributed among the selected local governments in Anambra State. The analysis was run using Runs test and mode analysis. The result of the analysis found the effect of people migrating from rural areas to urban centres on the society to include: increase in prostitution in the urban centres; increase in squalor settlement in the urban centres; and people are doing all sorts of odd jobs in order to survive in urban centres. The paper therefore recommends that the government should make and implement a policy on provision of functional social amenities such as electricity, pipe borne water etc. in the rural areas. Good schools and qualified teachers should be made available in the rural areas and establishment of industries in both rural and urban areas that will to an extent accommodate unemployed youths.

scholarly journals EFFECT OF RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION OF YOUTHS ON RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN OGBOMOSO SOUTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, OYO STATE. NIGERIA

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 66-77
Author(s):  
A. O. OKETAYO ◽  
Y. L. OLALEYE
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Rural Development ◽  
Significant Relationship ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Economic Incentives ◽  
Local Government Area ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
Rural Urban Migration

The study examined the effect of rural-urban migration of youth on rural development in Ogbomoso South Local Government Area of Oyo State. Rural-urban migration is a phenomenon that most developing nations of the world are experiencing due to the gross neglect of the rural areas. In Nigeria, the issue of rural-urban migration is quite alarming owing to the discriminatory centralization of facilities in the urban areas as well as widening income gap between the urban and rural areas. This study adopted a descriptive survey research design while purposive sampling technique was used in selecting 300 from Ogbomoso south LGAs.  The data collected was tested by using Pearson product moment correlation and ANOVA. The study established that self-help project had significant relationship with youth out-migration (r = .351*, N= 300, P < .05), community economy  also had significant relationship with out-migration (r = .277*, N= 300, P < .05), care for elderly had negative significant relationship with out-migration(r = -.182*, N= 300, P < .05) and cultural practices also had significant relationship with out-migration (r = .198*, N= 300, P < .05). The study recommended  that; government should decentralize its developmental projects and programmes in order to accommodate the rural areas. Government should make agriculture attractive for rural dwellers so that they could see it as a profitable occupation and there should be economic incentives to promote adaptation of indigenous skills and technologies in the rural areas. 

Human Capital and Urbanization in India

2019 ◽  
pp. 514-546
Author(s):  
Sandip Sarkar
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
National Income ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Average Return ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Rural Urban Migration ◽  
Active Policy

This chapter analyses the human capital base of population, workers, and migrants and compares the human capital base of the population and workers in rural and urban areas. The nature and extent of the private sector’s role in human capital formation are also looked at. This chapter finds that earnings of workers increase substantially at each successive level of education and returns are far higher at the graduate-and-above level. The contribution of rural–urban migration in increasing the urban population has been around one-fifth. In that sense, urban growth has been exclusionary. It observes that urban areas are considerably better endowed with the quality of human capital and the average returns to education are higher in urban areas compared with rural areas, and rural–urban gaps in average return to education are increasing over time. It calls for active policy to promote rural–urban migration that will boost urban as well as national income. In this regard it argues for an active policy of promoting the labour-intensive manufacturing sector which is likely to promote more migration and reduce the selectivity bias in rural–urban migration.

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