RURAL URBAN MIGRATION AND WOMEN IN URBAN SLUMS OF KARACHI

Poverty creates many problems. Out of which one major problem is an increase in migration rate. In Pakistan, the rate of inter province and rural urban migration has increased in the last few years resulting in an expansion in urban population. The objective of this study was to explore the experience of women who have migrated from rural to urban areas with their families and are living in urban slums. Moreover, the study aims to explore the reasons of migration from rural to urban areas, the change occurred in their living conditions and their level of satisfaction. Total 100 women from selected katchi abadis (urban slums) of Karachi and were in-depth interviewed through questionnaire method. To have an in depth analysis of the situation, both open and closed ended questions were included. Results show that most of these women have migrated with their families due to poverty. The need is to take decisions that promote equity and social justice. The distribution of resources and development planning need to focus on the need of urban and rural areas on equal bases because just moving towards metropolitan city does not change their living rather it is deteriorating the situation.

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Integrated approaches for infrastructure

Infrastructure in Africa ◽

10.1332/policypress/9781447326632.003.0011 ◽

2017 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Charles Leyeka Lufumpa ◽

Maurice Mubila ◽

Tito Yepes

Keyword(s):

Development Strategy ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Cost Savings ◽

Integrated Approach ◽

Urban Migration ◽

Rural And Urban Areas ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

Rural Urban Migration ◽

Urban And Rural Areas

Given some of the key infrastructure challenges facing the continent, what is needed is a regionally integrated approach to confront these infrastructure challenges. The two main pillars of the infrastructure agenda are: (i) to strengthen the foundations for higher productivity in the main cities and (ii) to ensure a more even distribution of basic living standards. By clustering, firms increase the demand for infrastructure, thereby reaping cost savings from agglomeration. Inclusive growth also demands a more even distribution of basic living conditions in both rural and urban areas. This entails framing not only a coherent urban agenda, but also a commensurate rural agenda, to counter the incentives for rural–urban migration. What is needed is a broader vision of the technologies that can be deployed for service provision; the bundling of services wherever possible to increase effectiveness in peri-urban and rural areas; and a complementary rural development strategy.

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Rural-Urban Migration of Food Security and Nutrition: African Studies Over a Decade

All Nations University Journal of Applied Thought ◽

10.47987/tjni8489 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 85-94

Author(s):

QUEEN EZENWANYI IWUNZE ◽

PRINCE CHIKWERE

Keyword(s):

Food Security ◽

Food Insecurity ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Nuclear Family ◽

Urban Migration ◽

Pubmed Central ◽

Rural Urban Migration ◽

Food Security And Nutrition ◽

Urban And Rural Areas

The quest for improved livelihoods and better education among the broader reasons cause individuals and sometimes a whole nuclear family to migrate from rural areas to urban areas. Migration presents with its concerns including food security, nutrition and health. This paper reviews exclusively, though not exhaustive, studies conducted in Africa from 2010 to 2019. Google Scholar and PubMed Central were searched for studies on rural-urban migration and food (in) security and/or health and/or nutrition. Movement of humans is a cause of food insecurity. This food insecurity affects both rural households and urban households, but in different ways. Improvement in food security in the rural areas and urban areas should be done differently and not a one-fit-all approach. The population growth should be checked and significant improvements made in agriculture, in the urban and rural areas.

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Rural-Urban Migration of Food Security and Nutrition: African Studies Over a Decade

All Nations University Journal of Applied Thought ◽

10.47987/dvvk9589 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 85-94

Author(s):

QUEEN EZENWANYI IWUNZE ◽

PRNCE CHIKWERE

Keyword(s):

Food Security ◽

Food Insecurity ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Nuclear Family ◽

Urban Migration ◽

Pubmed Central ◽

Rural Urban Migration ◽

Food Security And Nutrition ◽

Urban And Rural Areas

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Influencing Factors of Rural Families’ Migration to Urban Area: The Case of Kabul, Afghanistan

Asian Journal of Agricultural Extension Economics & Sociology ◽

10.9734/ajaees/2019/v37i430286 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-10

Author(s):

Abdul Ahad Hakim ◽

Ismet Boz

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Rural Families ◽

Study Data ◽

Manuscript Preparation ◽

Gender Inequalities ◽

Urban Migration ◽

Face To Face ◽

Urban Migrants ◽

Rural Urban Migration

Aims: This study aimed to determine factors influencing rural families’ migration to urban areas in Kabul, Afghanistan. Place and Duration of Study: Data were collected in different neighbourhoods of Kabul, Afghanistan during the July-September period of 2019. Data analyses and manuscript preparation were completed in the October-December period of 2019. Methodology: First, the most populated neighbourhoods of Kabul, particularly those areas where the majority of families migrated from rural areas were determined. The data of the study were collected from 400 rural-urban migrants in Kabul city. The questionnaires were filled during face to face informal meetings with households. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, including frequencies, percentages, and means. The questionnaire included socio-economic characteristics of rural-urban migrants, pushing and pulling factors which affected rural migration, reasons for insecurity in rural areas, and satisfaction and reintegration of migrants in Kabul city. Results: The results show that unemployment with 9.53 and fear of terror with 9.15 are the most effective pushing factors for rural families to migrate. However, the most important pulling factors which make Kabul city attractive for rural families are the issues regarding rights (women rights with 8.82, having right to vote with 8.73 and human rights with 8.71). Conclusion: In the last five years Afghanistan had huge number immigration internally (1.1 million person) and internationally (1.7 million people) Results of this study suggest that to slower rural-urban migration in Afghanistan, rural development programs should be implemented, and the priority of these programs should be given to the creation of employment opportunities and eliminating gender inequalities in rural areas. Otherwise, either rural-urban migration or dissatisfaction of being in Kabul and preferring not reintegrating back to their villages will make rural-urban migrants seek international migration.

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Rural-Urban Migration in Nigeria, Implication on the Development of the Society: Anambra State as the Focus of the Study

Journal of Public Administration and Governance ◽

10.5296/jpag.v9i2.14912 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 209

Author(s):

Anselem C. Nweke

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Local Governments ◽

Rural Economy ◽

Natural Increase ◽

Mode Analysis ◽

Urban Migration ◽

Anambra State ◽

Rural Urban Migration ◽

The Government

This paper examines the implication of rural- urban migration on Nigeria Society using Anambra state as focus of the study. Cities have been growing both through natural increase and through stampede from rural areas in Nigeria. People migrate to urban areas based on the prevailing conditions they fund themselves and the reasons for the migration vary from one individual to another depending on the situation that informs the decision to migrate. In most rural areas, the effect of rural-urban migration was a rapid deterioration of the rural economy leading to poverty and food scarcity. The cause of the phenomenon has been described as the push factors in the rural areas and the pull factors in the urban areas. The objective of this paper is to identify the implication of rural-urban migration on Nigeria society. It is a survey research. Thus, 1200 questionnaire were distributed among the selected local governments in Anambra State. The analysis was run using Runs test and mode analysis. The result of the analysis found the effect of people migrating from rural areas to urban centres on the society to include: increase in prostitution in the urban centres; increase in squalor settlement in the urban centres; and people are doing all sorts of odd jobs in order to survive in urban centres. The paper therefore recommends that the government should make and implement a policy on provision of functional social amenities such as electricity, pipe borne water etc. in the rural areas. Good schools and qualified teachers should be made available in the rural areas and establishment of industries in both rural and urban areas that will to an extent accommodate unemployed youths.

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EFFECT OF RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION OF YOUTHS ON RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN OGBOMOSO SOUTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, OYO STATE. NIGERIA

Journal of Humanities, Social Science and Creative Arts ◽

10.51406/jhssca.v11i1.1688 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 66-77

Author(s):

A. O. OKETAYO ◽

Y. L. OLALEYE

Keyword(s):

Local Government ◽

Rural Development ◽

Significant Relationship ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Economic Incentives ◽

Local Government Area ◽

Urban Migration ◽

Rural Urban Migration

The study examined the effect of rural-urban migration of youth on rural development in Ogbomoso South Local Government Area of Oyo State. Rural-urban migration is a phenomenon that most developing nations of the world are experiencing due to the gross neglect of the rural areas. In Nigeria, the issue of rural-urban migration is quite alarming owing to the discriminatory centralization of facilities in the urban areas as well as widening income gap between the urban and rural areas. This study adopted a descriptive survey research design while purposive sampling technique was used in selecting 300 from Ogbomoso south LGAs. The data collected was tested by using Pearson product moment correlation and ANOVA. The study established that self-help project had significant relationship with youth out-migration (r = .351*, N= 300, P < .05), community economy also had significant relationship with out-migration (r = .277*, N= 300, P < .05), care for elderly had negative significant relationship with out-migration(r = -.182*, N= 300, P < .05) and cultural practices also had significant relationship with out-migration (r = .198*, N= 300, P < .05). The study recommended that; government should decentralize its developmental projects and programmes in order to accommodate the rural areas. Government should make agriculture attractive for rural dwellers so that they could see it as a profitable occupation and there should be economic incentives to promote adaptation of indigenous skills and technologies in the rural areas.

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Human Capital and Urbanization in India

Cities of Dragons and Elephants ◽

10.1093/oso/9780198829225.003.0016 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 514-546

Author(s):

Sandip Sarkar

Keyword(s):

Human Capital ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

National Income ◽

Urban Migration ◽

Rural And Urban Areas ◽

Average Return ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

Rural Urban Migration ◽

Active Policy

This chapter analyses the human capital base of population, workers, and migrants and compares the human capital base of the population and workers in rural and urban areas. The nature and extent of the private sector’s role in human capital formation are also looked at. This chapter finds that earnings of workers increase substantially at each successive level of education and returns are far higher at the graduate-and-above level. The contribution of rural–urban migration in increasing the urban population has been around one-fifth. In that sense, urban growth has been exclusionary. It observes that urban areas are considerably better endowed with the quality of human capital and the average returns to education are higher in urban areas compared with rural areas, and rural–urban gaps in average return to education are increasing over time. It calls for active policy to promote rural–urban migration that will boost urban as well as national income. In this regard it argues for an active policy of promoting the labour-intensive manufacturing sector which is likely to promote more migration and reduce the selectivity bias in rural–urban migration.

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Food Insecurity and the Rising Urbanisation in Africa: Can ICT Revolution Bridge the GAP?

Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies ◽

10.22610/jebs.v10i1.2104 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 217

Author(s):

Isaac B. Oluwatayo ◽

Ayodeji O. Ojo

Keyword(s):

Food Security ◽

Food Insecurity ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Climate Change Impacts ◽

Youth Unemployment ◽

Urban Migration ◽

Enabling Factors ◽

Rural Urban Migration ◽

African Agriculture

The task of reducing food insecurity in Africa is very challenging. This is because of the changing conditions such as adverse climate change impacts. This study examined food insecurity, urbanisation and ICT in Africa. The paper employed a combination of both secondary and historical information obtained from different sources (UNHCR, FAO, Mo Ibrahim Foundation etc). Analytical method used include descriptive statistics such as charts. Food security indices in Africa is alarming and disturbing. One in four people in Africa do not have access to food in adequate quantities and one in five African children are underweight. African agriculture is rendered unattractive by low productivity hence the exodus of labour from rural to urban areas. Africa is the most rapidly urbanising continent in the world with enabling factors comprising of infrastructure deficits in rural areas, dearth of employment opportunities and glamour of city life. However, Africa’s urban centres are not immune to the challenges inducing rural-urban migration in the first place. In fact, youth unemployment in Africa is 6 times higher in urban areas than in rural areas. About 72percent of urban dwellers live in slums with the most of them having no access to basic amenities. These culminated in what is regarded in literature as ‘urbanisation of poverty’. Migrants are generally scapegoated as the causes of crimes, violence and even unemployment in urban areas. Therefore, they are subjected to sub-human living conditions. Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is particularly critical to the achievement of food security in Africa. This is because of the huge gap between markets and farmers which it is capable of filling. The paper therefore recommends increased but monitored investments in infrastructure in Africa in order to make rural areas more attractive and discourage rural-urban migration. There is also the need to provide favourable micro and macro-environment for businesses to grow especially in rural Africa.

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Intentions to Urban Migration among Youth: A Case of District Khushab of Pakistan

Journal of Economic Impact ◽

10.52223/jei0201204 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 24-36

Author(s):

Iffat Urooj ◽

Iqbal Javed ◽

Shahbaz Ahmad

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Positive Association ◽

Urban Migration ◽

Young Generation ◽

Economic Activities ◽

Equal Distribution ◽

Migration Intention ◽

Distribution Of Resources ◽

The Impact

The role of migrants on economic downfall in the case of developing countries has been recognized by the researchers and the policymakers. As it becomes difficult for the policymakers and the local government to manage and organize economic activities with the new arrival of migrants from rural to urban areas. The problem of congestion, health and residence issues, are also caused by migration. So this study investigates the impact of socio-economic and demographic indicators on migration intention among the youth of district Khushab. The results obtained from this study show that there are some economic and non-economic pull and push factors that aspire the young generation to migrate from rural to urban and urban to urban areas. Positive association of migration intention with income, assets, age, and education, already migrated members of households and already migrated friends or relatives have been observed. While there is a negative association of land, satisfaction from education facilities, satisfaction from job facilities, satisfaction from transport facilities with migration intentions. Marital status shows that a married person is less likely to migrate due to family obligations. Due to underlying problems caused by migration the study suggested that equal distribution of resources should be materialized. Special attention should be given on the provision of health, education, job, and transportation facilities in rural areas to alter migration intention among youth.

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Rural-to-Urban Migration and the Urban Labour Market: the Case of India

Cities of Dragons and Elephants ◽

10.1093/oso/9780198829225.003.0007 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 175-218

Author(s):

Arup Mitra

Keyword(s):

Informal Sector ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Urban Migration ◽

Large Cities ◽

Rural And Urban Areas ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

Agglomeration Effects ◽

Urban And Rural Areas ◽

Urban Informal Sector

In relation to urbanization, findings suggest that the unemployment rate after migration tends to decline. States with higher urbanization levels reveal a larger increase in regular wage employment after migration. With an increase in city size, the migration rate rises mainly because employment prospects are better in large cities due to agglomeration effects. Migration, urban informal sector employment, and the proportion of the Scheduled Caste population in urban and rural areas are all positively associated, suggesting that the socially backward groups are more likely to migrate from rural areas and get absorbed in the urban informal sector. This pattern is accompanied by a decline in the incidence of poverty in both rural and urban areas: even the urban informal sector activities are able to provide relatively better job opportunities and higher living standards.

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