scholarly journals Humectants as Post-plant Soil Amendments: Effects on Growth and Physiological Activity of Drought-stressed, Container-grown Tree Seedlings

2012 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-12
Author(s):  
Bruce Roberts ◽  
R. Scott Linder ◽  
Charles Krause ◽  
Ryan Harmanis
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Leaf Gas Exchange ◽  
Physiological Activity ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Tree Seedlings ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Xylem Water Potential ◽  
Yellow Poplar ◽  
Soil Drench ◽  
One Year

One-year-old seedlings of red maple (Acer rubrum L.) and yellow poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera L.) were treated with Hydretain ES™(HydES) or EcoSential™(EcoS) applied as a soil drench. A progressive drought cycle was imposed after treatment, and as each seedling wilted, the leaves and roots were harvested. Foliar growth was unaffected by HydES or EcoS, but root growth (roots < 1 mm diameter) was significantly less for seedlings grown in the humectant-treated media. These data, along with measurements of substrate moisture content taken during a similar dry down period, suggest that drought-induced fine root growth in humectant-treated media was slower because there was less need for these roots to extend and proliferate in search of additional soil moisture supplies. In studies conducted the following year, HydES or EcoS were applied as a soil drench to one-year-old seedlings of red maple and river birch (Betula nigra L.) prior to withholding irrigation. In these studies, measurements of chlorophyll fluorescence, leaf gas exchange, and xylem water potential indicate that physiological activity was greater for drought-stressed seedlings grown in HydES-treated media compared to similar seedlings grown in EcoS-treated media, a condition attributed to lower levels of plant-water stress (higher xylem water potentials) in the HydES-treated seedlings.

scholarly journals Humectants as Post-Plant Soil Amendments: Effects on the Wilting Cycle of Drought-Stressed, Container-Grown Tree Seedlings

2010 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 275-280
Author(s):  
Bruce Roberts ◽  
R. Scott Linder
Keyword(s):  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Tree Seedlings ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Yellow Poplar ◽  
Plant Soil ◽  
Production Type ◽  
Bare Root ◽  
Soilless Substrate ◽  
One Year

To test the potential effectiveness of humectant-containing compounds for improving soil moisture availability in the rhizosphere of newly transplanted trees, one-year-old Jiffy Plug™ and bare-root seedlings of red maple (Acer rubrum L.) and red oak (Quercus rubra L.) and one-year-old bare-root seedlings of yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera L.) were treated with Hydretain ES™ (HydES) and EcoSential™ (EcoS) in greenhouse studies. Both products were applied as a root drench to seedlings in 3.8 L plastic pots containing soilless substrate. Following treatment, water was withheld and days to wilt (DTW) recorded for each seedling. For red maple, HydES at the recommended rate (16 mL/L, X), as well as at 0.75X and 0.5X, was effective in increasing DTW, as was EcoS at 16 mL/L (the recommended rate, X) and at 0.75X. For red oak, the lowest concentration of HydES (0.5X) was ineffective, but the two higher levels (X and 0.75X) increased DTW significantly when compared to untreated controls. For yellow-poplar, DTW was consistently greater in treated than in untreated seedlings, but the differences were not always statistically significant. The data also indicate that for certain species (e.g. red maple), production type (Jiffy Plug or bare root) may influence the degree to which seedlings respond to humectant treatment.

scholarly journals Humate-based Biostimulants Affect Early Post-transplant Root Growth and Sapflow of Balled and Burlapped Red Maple

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 342-344 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matt Kelting ◽  
J. Roger Harris ◽  
Jody Fanelli ◽  
Bonnie Appleton
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Liquid Formulation ◽  
Post Transplant ◽  
Soil Drench ◽  
Control Root ◽  
Growth Promoting ◽  
Landscape Trees

Application of biostimulants, humate-based products marketed as aids to plant establishment, may increase early post-transplant root growth and water uptake of landscape trees. We tested three distinct types of biostimulants on root growth and sapflow of balled and burlapped red maple (Acer rubrum L. `Franksred') trees. Treatments included: humate, 1) as a wettable powder formulation, applied as a soil drench; 2) as a liquid formulation to which various purported root growth—promoting additives had been added, also applied as a soil drench; 3) as a dry granular formulation, applied as a topdress; and 4) a nontreated control. Root growth was monitored through single-tree rhizotrons, and sap flow was measured with a heat balance sapflow system. Roots were first observed in the rhizotron windows 38 days after planting. No biostimulant-treated trees had more root length than nontreated controls, and the two soil drench treatments had the lowest root length throughout the 20 weeks of post-transplant observation. All biostimulants increased sapflow.

Precommercial Thinning Increases Diameter Growth of Appalachian Hardwood Stump Sprouts

1983 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 93-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil I. Lamson
Keyword(s):  
Quercus Rubra ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Prunus Serotina ◽  
Black Cherry ◽  
Northern Red Oak ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Yellow Poplar ◽  
Precommercial Thinning ◽  
Stump Sprouts

Abstract In West Virginia crop trees were selected from 7- or 12-year-old yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera L.), basswood (Tilia americana L.), red maple (Acer rubrum L.), black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.), and northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) stump sprouts. Crop trees were dominant or codominant, well-formed sprouts that originated not more than 6 inches above groundline and did not fork in the lower 17 feet. Four treatments were evaluated: (1) control; (2) thinning; (3) pruning; and (4) thinning plus pruning. Five years after treatment the diameter (d.b.h.) growth of thinned sprouts was 1.5 times greater than that of control sprouts. Pruning did not cause a significant decrease in five-year d.b.h. growth. Height growth was not affected by the treatments. Most of the epicormic branches produced by pruning were dead five years after treatment. Natural pruning was reduced by thinning; the average clear bole length of thinned sprouts was about 2 feet shorter than that of the control sprouts. Survival was nearly 100 percent.

scholarly journals Red hot maples: Acer rubrum first-year phenology and growth responses to soil warming

2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.A. Wheeler ◽  
N.M. Gonzalez ◽  
K.A. Stinson
Keyword(s):  
Biomass Allocation ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Tree Seedlings ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Soil Warming ◽  
Leaf Production ◽  
Trade Offs

Microhabitat environmental conditions are an important filter for seedling establishment, controlling the availability of optimal recruitment sites. Understanding how tree seedlings respond to warming soil temperature is critical for predicting population recruitment in the future hardwood forests of northeastern North America, particularly as environmental conditions and thus optimal microhabitat availabilities change. We examined the effect of soil warming of 5 °C during the first growing season on germination, survival, phenology, growth, and stem and root biomass allocation in Acer rubrum L. (red maple) seedlings. While there was no effect of soil warming on germination or survival, seedlings growing in warmer soils demonstrated significantly accelerated leaf expansion, delayed autumn leaf senescence, and an extended leaf production period. Further, seedlings growing in warmer soils showed larger leaf area and stem and root structures at the end of the first growing season, with no evidence of biomass allocation trade-offs. Results suggest that A. rubrum seedlings can capitalize on soil warming by adjusting leaf phenology and leaf production, resulting in a longer period of carbon uptake and leading to higher overall biomass. The absence of growth allocation trade-offs suggests that A. rubrum will respond positively to increasing soil temperatures in northeastern forests, at least in the early life stages.

Responses of hardwood advance regeneration to seasonal prescribed fires in oak-dominated shelterwood stands

1998 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 331-339 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick H Brose ◽  
David H Van Lear
Keyword(s):  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Fire Intensity ◽  
Permanent Plots ◽  
Prescribed Fires ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Stem Form ◽  
Yellow Poplar ◽  
Density Reduction ◽  
Advance Regeneration

Effects of seasonal prescribed fires of varying intensities on density, mortality, stem form, height, and height growth of hardwood advance regeneration were investigated. Three mixed-hardwood stands on productive upland sites were cut using a shelterwood technique, each forming a block of spring burn, summer burn, winter burn, and control treatments. Advance regeneration was inventoried from permanent plots before and after burning. Fires top-killed nearly all hardwood regeneration, forcing the rootstocks to sprout. Fire treatments reduced densities of all hardwood species relative to not burning, with spring and summer fires causing greater density reduction than winter burning. Among species, oak (Quercus spp. L.) and hickory (Carya spp. Nutt.) were more resilient sprouters than yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera L.) and red maple (Acer rubrum L.), especially as fire intensity increased. All prescribed fires improved oak stem form and stimulated height growth of hickory and oak. Overall, prescribed fires improved oak advance regeneration with spring burning providing the most benefit. This approach of following a shelterwood harvest with prescribed fire may be a viable method of regenerating oak-dominated stands on productive upland sites.

Reversing legacy effects in the understory of an oak-dominated forest

2014 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 350-364 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melissa Thomas-Van Gundy ◽  
James Rentch ◽  
Mary Beth Adams ◽  
Walter Carson
Keyword(s):  
Prescribed Fire ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Fire Frequency ◽  
Canopy Gaps ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Yellow Poplar ◽  
East Central ◽  
Single Process ◽  
Process Effects ◽  
Poplar Seedlings

Current forests developed under conditions different from original forests, with higher deer densities, reduced fire frequency, denser canopies, and smaller canopy gaps. These alterations have led to understories dominated by species simultaneously browse tolerant, shade tolerant, and fire sensitive leading to difficulties in the regeneration of oak species (Quercus spp.) in some areas. We evaluated how three key processes — understory fire, canopy gaps, and browsing — influenced tree species in east central West Virginia. We were particularly interested in the response of oak species because they are the dominant overstory species and of maple species (Acer spp.), black birch (Betula lenta L.), and yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera L.) as these are likely to replace the current forest. Single-process effects were significant and significant interactions among processes were numerous. In general, fire caused significant reductions of seedlings and saplings of red maple (Acer rubrum L.) and striped maple (Acer pensylvanicum L.) and increased the seedlings of black birch and yellow-poplar. Canopy gaps increased the abundance of black birch and yellow-poplar seedlings and saplings. Gaps and fire together caused an increase in the relative abundance of yellow-poplar. Excluding browsers and creating canopy gaps together nearly doubled oak sapling importance values versus either treatment alone; however, oak importance values remained low. Given the significant interactions of browse control with the other two processes, browse control should be considered when planning oak regeneration treatments such as canopy gaps or prescribed fire.

scholarly journals Growth Periodicity for Container-Grown Red and Freeman Maple Cultivars in AHS Heat-Zone 8

1999 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 141-146
Author(s):  
Jeff L. Sibley ◽  
John M. Ruter ◽  
D. Joseph Eakes
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Interspecific Cross ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Growth Modeling ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Diameter Growth ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Heat Zone ◽  
Growth Increase ◽  
Growth Periodicity

Abstract Growth patterns of seven red maple (Acer rubrum L.) and three Freeman maple (Acer x freemanii E. Murray) cultivars grown in containers in Alabama were evaluated using monthly destructive harvests. The effectiveness of a growth modeling technique not previously described is demonstrated using the data presented for both the Freeman maple (red maple xsilver maple interspecific cross) and red maple categories. Freeman maple cultivars ‘Armstrong’, ‘Celzam’ (Celebration™), and ‘Jeffersred’ (Autumn Blaze™); and red maple cultivars ‘Autumn Flame’, ‘Fairview Flame’, ‘Landsburg’ (Firedance™), ‘Franksred’ (Red Sunset™), ‘Olson’ (Northfire™), ‘Northwood’, and ‘October Glory®’ were studied. Uniform liners of each cultivar were planted in 9.1-liter (#3) containers in March 1996. More than 75% of seasonal height and diameter growth was complete for most cultivars before mid-August, while only 25% of root growth had occurred by the end of August. The remaining 75% of root growth occurred from August through November. The greatest overall growth (based on height, diameter, and root growth increase) was for ‘Autumn Flame’ and ‘October Glory®’, both red maple cultivars; and Freeman maple cultivars ‘Celzam’ and ‘Jeffersred’. The least overall growth (based on height, diameter, and root growth increase), was for red maple cultivars ‘Northwood’ and ‘Landsburg’.

scholarly journals Root and Shoot Growth Periodicity of Pot-in-Pot Red and Sugar Maple

1999 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 80-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Roger Harris ◽  
Jody Fanelli
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Acer Saccharum ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Sugar Maples ◽  
Root And Shoot Growth ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Substrate Temperatures

Abstract Red maple (Acer rubrum L. ‘Franksred’) and sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh. ‘Green Mountain’) trees were grown in a 56 liter (15 gal) pot-in-pot system for two years. During the second year of production, root growth was observed through observation plates fitted into the container sidewalls, and shoot extension was periodically measured. Root growth began in early March, approximately one month before budbreak for both species. Root growth dramatically slowed down at the onset of budbreak, but quickly resumed and was concurrent with shoot elongation. Root growth slowed dramatically in the fall when substrate temperatures dropped to 5–7C (40–45F). Root growth stopped during the winter for red maple, but some nominal root growth continued throughout the winter for sugar maple. Red maples had over 5 times more total root length against observation plates at the end of the experiment than sugar maples.

Relationships Among Potassium, Calcium and Trace Elements in Tree Leaves and Associated Canopy Arthropods

1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 439-449 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lance S. Risley
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Nutritional Ecology ◽  
Nutrient Cycles ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Yellow Poplar ◽  
Flowering Dogwood ◽  
Quercus Prinus ◽  
The Relationship

There is a paucity of information that describes the relationship between the suite of nutrient elements in tree foliage and associated arthropod assemblages. Foliage from chestnut oak (Quercus prinus), hickories (Carya spp.), yellow poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera), red maple (Acer rubrum), and flowering dogwood (Cornus florida) and associated canopy arthropods were collected in an undisturbed and a 15 yr-old successional forested watershed and analyzed for K, Ca, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr. Foliar Mn and Sr were found in higher concentrations in the undisturbed watershed. Foliage from hickories was generally higher in concentrations of metals (Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn) compared with other tree species. Dogwood foliage had significantly higher concentrations of Ca and significantly lower concentrations of Mn than other tree species (P &lt; 0.05). Concentrations of foliar elements in herbivore-damaged and undamaged leaves did not differ significantly (P &gt; 0.05). Concentrations of elements in and among arthropod feeding categories varied substantially such that no trends were apparent among tree species and between watersheds. The most apparent trend among arthropod feeding categories was the relatively large accumulation of K in chewing herbivores (primarily caterpillars). In general, there appeared to be increases in K, Fe, Cu, and Zn concentrations from primary producers to consumers. This study contributes to arthropod nutritional ecology and to defining the role of canopy arthropods in forest ecosystem nutrient cycles.

Chromated Copper Arsenate Preservative Treatment of North American Hardwoods. Part 1. CCA Fixation Performance

Holzforschung ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 54 (6) ◽  
pp. 577-584 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Stevanovic Janezic ◽  
P.A. Cooper ◽  
Y.T. Ung
Keyword(s):  
Populus Tremuloides ◽  
North American ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Chromated Copper Arsenate ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
White Birch ◽  
Yellow Poplar ◽  
Copper Arsenate

Summary We have examined chromated copper arsenate (CCA) wood preservative fixation at two selected temperatures in seven common North American hardwood species: red maple (Acer rubrum L.), white birch (Betula papyrifera Marsh.), yellow poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera L.), trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.), red oak (Quercus rubra L.), basswood (Tilia americana L.) and American beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.). The softwood red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) was included for comparison. CCA component fixation was monitored by the expressate method at both 21°C and 50°C under non-drying conditions. Hexavalent chromium (CrVI) and total Cr, Cu and As contents of the expressate were determined at different times during fixation. Based on CCA fixation results it was possible to divide the examined hardwoods into a fast fixing group (beech, red oak and red maple), intermediate group (white birch and red pine) and slow fixing group (aspen, yellow poplar and basswood). The variable fixation rates for the different species could not be directly related to different anatomical and chemical attributes of the studied hardwoods, although there was an apparent relationship with density with more dense species fixing faster than low density species. However, the species differences appeared to be mainly influenced by types and amounts of extractives in the woods. In red maple, extraction resulted in a slowing of the fixation rate, while the opposite effect was seen in red oak.

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