Development and Validation of Corona Virus Anxiety Scale (CVAS)

Background and Objectives: The advent of 2020 was eclipsed by an epidemic crisis of COVID-19. The swift spread of fatal viruses creates paralyzing apprehensions among all human beings and has produced a need to develop a sound psychometric scale to measure anxiety related to COVID-19. Methods: Items for a Corona Virus Anxiety Scale (CVAS) emerged from literature reviews, a SARS fear scale, and qualitative analysis of interviews. After successive item modifications and pilot-testing, the 17-item self-reported CVAS was administered to (N = 256) participants. A sample of (N = 45) individuals was recruited for determination of CVAS construct validity with the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R). Results: Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) showed 3 factors with 57.46 % variance, Fear of Infection and Death (FOIAD), Social Isolation (SI), and Loss of Control and Helplessness (LOCAH). Item-total correlation values ranged from (r = 0.46 to 0.63, p < 0.01). Overall, CVAS showed a high-value Cronbach alpha reliability (α = 0.896); alpha reliabilities for subscales also lay in acceptable ranges. The relationship between CVAS and IES-R suggests significant and positive correlation values (r = 0.477, **p < 0.01), demonstrating the construct validity of the newly-developed CVAS. Interpretation and Conclusions: CVAS is a reliable and valid self-reporting tool for screening of anxieties about COVID-19 among the general population.

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Genuine versus Simulated Responses on the Impact of Event Scale

Psychological Reports ◽

10.2466/pr0.1984.54.2.575 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 54 (2) ◽

pp. 575-578 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

David V. Perkins ◽

Jacob A. Tebes

Keyword(s):

Construct Validity ◽

Parental Death ◽

Test Situation ◽

Impact Of Event Scale ◽

Event Scale ◽

Demand Characteristics ◽

Important Requirement ◽

The Impact

Construct validity established for the Impact of Event Scale does not include evidence that the scale can distinguish genuine responses from simulated ones, an important requirement for cognitively “transparent” measures subject to systematic distortion by demand characteristics of the test situation. Comparison scores from 35 students coping with recent parental death and 30 randomly selected students instructed to respond as though they recently had a parent die indicated that, as predicted for this measure, simulated responses involved uniformly high endorsement of all items, while genuine responses were lower in magnitude and varied more from item to item. The scale appears to be adequately sensitive to differences between genuine and simulated responses.

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Relationship between psychiatric impairment and a natural disaster: the role of distress

Psychological Medicine ◽

10.1017/s0033291700001963 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

pp. 129-139 ◽

Cited By ~ 85

Author(s):

A. C. McFarlane

Keyword(s):

Natural Disaster ◽

General Health ◽

General Health Questionnaire ◽

Health Questionnaire ◽

Impact Of Event Scale ◽

Event Scale ◽

The Impact ◽

The Relationship

SynopsisThe relationship between adversity, distress and psychiatric impairment was examined in a group of 469 firefighters who had an intense exposure to an Australian bushfire disaster. The data suggested that psychiatric impairment measured by the General Health Questionnaire and distress measured by the Impact of Event Scale were relatively separate phenomena. Psychiatric impairment in these people appeared to be related more to their level of distress after the fires than to the severity of their exposure and losses.

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Social Media Exposure, Psychological Distress, Emotion Regulation, and Depression During the COVID-19 Outbreak in Community Samples in China

Frontiers in Psychiatry ◽

10.3389/fpsyt.2021.644899 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Yu-ting Zhang ◽

Rui-ting Li ◽

Xiao-jun Sun ◽

Ming Peng ◽

Xu Li

Keyword(s):

Social Media ◽

Emotion Regulation ◽

Psychological Distress ◽

Media Exposure ◽

Expressive Suppression ◽

Impact Of Event Scale ◽

Event Scale ◽

The Impact ◽

The Relationship

The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been a global emergency, affecting millions of individuals both physically and psychologically. The present research investigated the associations between social media exposure and depression during the COVID-19 outbreak by examining the mediating role of psychological distress and the moderating role of emotion regulation among members of the general public in China. Participants (N = 485) completed a set of questionnaires online, including demographic information, self-rated physical health, and social media exposure to topics related to COVID-19. The Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R), the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), and the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ) were utilized to measure psychological distress about COVID-19, depression, and emotion regulation strategies, respectively. Results found that older age and greater levels of social media exposure were associated with more psychological distress about the virus (r = 0.14, p = 0.003; r = 0.22, p < 0.001). Results of the moderated mediation model suggest that psychological distress mediated the relationship between social media exposure and depression (β = 0.10; Boot 95% CI = 0.07, 0.15). Furthermore, expressive suppression moderated the relationship between psychological distress and depression (β = 0.10, p = 0.017). The findings are discussed in terms of the need for mental health assistance for individuals at high risk of depression, including the elderly and individuals who reported greater psychological distress and those who showed preference usage of suppression, during the COVID-19 crisis.

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Cross-cultural adaptation of the Burns Specific Pain Anxiety Scale - BSPAS to be used with Brazilian burned patients

Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem ◽

10.1590/s0104-11692006000400009 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 14 (4) ◽

pp. 526-533 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

María Elena Echevarría-Guanilo ◽

Lídia Aparecida Rossi ◽

Rosana Aparecida Spadoti Dantas ◽

Cláudia Benedita dos Santos

Keyword(s):

Cultural Adaptation ◽

Semantic Analysis ◽

Cross Cultural ◽

Anxiety Scale ◽

Expert Committee ◽

Impact Of Event Scale ◽

Event Scale ◽

Pain Anxiety ◽

Cross Cultural Adaptation ◽

The Impact

This study aimed at translating and adapting the Burns Specific Pain Anxiety Scale - BSPAS and the Impact of Event Scale - IES into Portuguese; making available two simple, short and easily applicable instruments and describing the study participants according to their scores on the Visual Analogue Scale and the Trait-State Anxiety Inventory. The cross-cultural adaptation process involved the following steps: translation of the scales; reaching a consensus in Portuguese; evaluation by an expert committee; back-translation; obtaining a consensus in Dutch; comparing the original versions with the consensus in Dutch; semantic analysis and pretest of the Portuguese versions. The results showed that both scales present high values of internal consistency between the scale items. Participants' average pain scores were higher after bathing and wound dressing. Participants' average anxiety scores were low or medium.

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Bereavement and Stress of a Miscarriage: As it Affects the Couple

OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying ◽

10.2190/dqnq-pfam-7v00-52f3 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 37 (4) ◽

pp. 317-327 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Loraine Alderman ◽

June Chisholm ◽

Florence Denmark ◽

Stephen Salbod

Keyword(s):

Pregnant Women ◽

Response Pattern ◽

Perinatal Death ◽

Psychological Impact ◽

Major Purpose ◽

Impact Of Event Scale ◽

Event Scale ◽

Relationship Of ◽

The Impact ◽

The Relationship

Perinatal death affects nearly one-third of all pregnant women (Toedter, Lasker, & Alhadeff, 1988). Of the different forms of perinatal death, this study explored the psychological impact of grief and stress in couples who experienced a miscarriage. Using the Grief Experience Inventory—Loss Version and The Impact of Event Scale, this study specifically looked at the differences between the couple in how they grieve and experience the stress of the miscarriage. Profile analyses indicated that the women's overall response pattern to the bereavement scales was different from their partners. In addition, women reported significantly higher Intrusive Distress than their partners. Results suggest that a miscarriage affects the woman and her partner, as well as the relationship of the couple. The major purpose of this investigation was to study the psychological experience of a miscarriage, and to determine if women and their partners experience the loss differently.

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Construct Validity of the Childbirth Trauma Index for Adolescents

The Journal of Perinatal Education ◽

10.1891/1058-1243.20.2.78 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 20 (2) ◽

pp. 78-90 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Cheryl Anderson

Keyword(s):

Construct Validity ◽

Acute Stress ◽

Impact Of Event Scale ◽

Event Scale ◽

Childbirth Trauma ◽

Trauma Impact ◽

Acute Stress Reaction ◽

The Impact ◽

Subjective Reports ◽

Research Recommendations

The potentially traumatic nature of childbirth for adult mothers has been confirmed in research; however, adolescent childbirth trauma is unexplored. This article presents research on the construct validity of the Childbirth Trauma Index by providing a conceptual analysis of psychological childbirth trauma, factor validity of the Childbirth Trauma Index, and discussion of testing the Childbirth Trauma Index via contrasted-groups approach. Childbirth trauma can result in an acute stress reaction or actual posttraumatic stress disorder. Using subjective reports, the Impact of Event Scale, and the Childbirth Trauma Index, an appraisal of birth trauma, trauma impact, and indicators associated with childbirth trauma were revealed among 112 adolescents. Clinical implications and research recommendations are offered.

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The Relationship between Mindfulness and Sleep Quality is Mediated by Emotion Regulation

Psychiatry International ◽

10.3390/psychiatryint1020007 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 42-66

Author(s):

Garrett Talley ◽

John Shelley-Tremblay

Keyword(s):

Emotion Regulation ◽

Sleep Quality ◽

Quality Index ◽

Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index ◽

Self Report ◽

Impact Of Event Scale ◽

Event Scale ◽

Acting With Awareness ◽

The Impact ◽

The Relationship

Background: Sleep is critical to a person’s overall physical and mental health. The current study investigated the relationship between mindfulness and sleep quality, to determine if this relationship is influenced by emotion regulation and perceived stress. Method: Three hundred sixty-seven undergraduate students responded to five self-report measures, (1) The Cognitive and Affective Mindfulness Scale (CAMS-R), (2) The Impact of Event Scale (IES-R), (3) The Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ), (4) The Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ), and (5) The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Results: Results revealed (1) sleep quality was predicted by the presence of hyperarousal, acting with awareness, and the CAMS-R, (2) the Impact of Event Scale was moderately positively correlated with a person’s global score on the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, and (3) the relationship between mindfulness and sleep quality was mediated by hyperarousal. Conclusions: Together, our findings suggest that higher levels of intrusive thoughts, avoidance, and hyperarousal are correlated with lower overall sleep quality, and the use of mindfulness techniques such as acting with awareness and being non-reacting to negative thoughts or hyperarousal may help predict an individual’s sleep quality.

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The Relationship between Psychological Impact and Self-control in Chinese Residents outside Hubei Province during the Epidemic of COVID-19: The mediation of self-regulated fatigue

10.21203/rs.3.rs-99983/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Lian Xiong ◽

Liangshi Yan ◽

Xin Wang ◽

Chu Yang

Keyword(s):

Online Survey ◽

Psychological Impact ◽

Hubei Province ◽

Self Control ◽

Control Scale ◽

Impact Of Event Scale ◽

Event Scale ◽

The Impact ◽

The Relationship ◽

Different Levels

Abstract Aim: This study aimed to study the psychological impact of COVID-19 on Chinese residents outside the Hubei province and the relationship among impact of event, self-regulated fatigue and self-control. Subject and Methods: The 400 questionnaires had been collected through an online survey platform from 30th January to 2nd February in 2020 and included 4 parts: (1) sociodemographic data; (2)The revised version of the Impact of Event Scale(IES-R); (3) Self-Regulatory Fatigue Scale(SRF-S); (4)Self control scale (SCS). Results: (1)There were significant differences between different levels of sociodemographic variables on IES-R, SRF-S and SCS; (2) 75 (18.75%) residents reported a moderate-severe psychological impact; (3)There were significant differences between the previous researches and current study;(4)the high-score group of SCS had got significantly higher scores on SRF-S and IES-R. (5) Self-regulated fatigue partially mediated the relationship between impact of event and self-control. Conclusion: We found that the residents suffered a psychological impact during the outbreak of COVID-19 .The more self-control they were, the more self-regulated fatigue and psychological impact they suffered, and self-control could not only had an direct influence on psychological impact but also had affected it indirectly through self-regulated fatigue.

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Subjective Distress and Violence During Rape: Their Effects on Long-Term Fear

Violence and Victims ◽

10.1891/0886-6708.1.1.35 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 35-46 ◽

Cited By ~ 34

Author(s):

Steven A. Girelli ◽

Patricia A. Resick ◽

Susan Marhoefer-Dvorak ◽

Catherine K. Hutter

Keyword(s):

Subjective Experience ◽

Adult Women ◽

Subjective Distress ◽

Impact Of Event Scale ◽

Event Scale ◽

Fear And Anxiety ◽

The Impact ◽

The Relationship ◽

Anxiety Subscale

A brief review of the literature on reactions to rape is presented, with special emphasis on the relationship between specific aspects of the rape and subsequent fear and anxiety. A model, which incorporates the effects of the victim’s subjective experience of the assault, is proposed to explain inconsistent findings in previous research. To test this model, 41 adult women who were between 3 and 120 months postassault were asked to report information about the assault (assault violence) and their subjective experience of it during the assault (distress). Subjects also answered questions about several measures of fear and anxiety. Each of these measures was regressed on the assault violence and subjective distress variables. Three of the analyses yielded significant predictors. These were the avoidance subscale of the Impact of Event Scale, the phobic anxiety subscale of die SCL-90-R, and die Veronen-Kilpatrick Modified Fear Survey vulnerability subscale. In all three, subjective distress was the only predictor retained in the regression model. The relevance of these findings to understanding rape-induced fear and anxiety and improving treatment provided to its victims is discussed.

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