Subjective Distress and Violence During Rape: Their Effects on Long-Term Fear

1986 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven A. Girelli ◽  
Patricia A. Resick ◽  
Susan Marhoefer-Dvorak ◽  
Catherine K. Hutter
Keyword(s):  
Subjective Experience ◽  
Adult Women ◽  
Subjective Distress ◽  
Impact Of Event Scale ◽  
Event Scale ◽  
Fear And Anxiety ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Anxiety Subscale

A brief review of the literature on reactions to rape is presented, with special emphasis on the relationship between specific aspects of the rape and subsequent fear and anxiety. A model, which incorporates the effects of the victim’s subjective experience of the assault, is proposed to explain inconsistent findings in previous research. To test this model, 41 adult women who were between 3 and 120 months postassault were asked to report information about the assault (assault violence) and their subjective experience of it during the assault (distress). Subjects also answered questions about several measures of fear and anxiety. Each of these measures was regressed on the assault violence and subjective distress variables. Three of the analyses yielded significant predictors. These were the avoidance subscale of the Impact of Event Scale, the phobic anxiety subscale of die SCL-90-R, and die Veronen-Kilpatrick Modified Fear Survey vulnerability subscale. In all three, subjective distress was the only predictor retained in the regression model. The relevance of these findings to understanding rape-induced fear and anxiety and improving treatment provided to its victims is discussed.

Relationship between psychiatric impairment and a natural disaster: the role of distress

1988 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. C. McFarlane
Keyword(s):  
Natural Disaster ◽  
General Health ◽  
General Health Questionnaire ◽  
Health Questionnaire ◽  
Impact Of Event Scale ◽  
Event Scale ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

SynopsisThe relationship between adversity, distress and psychiatric impairment was examined in a group of 469 firefighters who had an intense exposure to an Australian bushfire disaster. The data suggested that psychiatric impairment measured by the General Health Questionnaire and distress measured by the Impact of Event Scale were relatively separate phenomena. Psychiatric impairment in these people appeared to be related more to their level of distress after the fires than to the severity of their exposure and losses.

scholarly journals Personal experience, posttraumatic symptomatology, and meaning in life during the first months of the COVID-19 pandemic

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Y. Arredondo ◽  
B. Caparrós
Keyword(s):  
Meaning In Life ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Personal Meaning ◽  
Ptsd Symptoms ◽  
Subjective Distress ◽  
Impact Of Event Scale ◽  
Event Scale ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Posttraumatic Symptomatology

Abstract Background The traumatic subjective distress and personal meaning in life were examined in the context of the first months of the COVID-19 pandemic sanitary crisis and home lockdown. Method: A total of 543 participants answered an online survey that included questions about the individual characteristics of the pandemic experience, the Impact of Event Scale-Revised, and the Personal Meaning Profile-Brief. Results: Nearly all of life impaired areas, having the suspicion of being ill with COVID-19, having lost a close person to this virus, and having been accompanied during the lockdown were experiences associated with higher PTSD symptoms. Posttraumatic symptomatology was inversely correlated with areas of meaning in life. Lastly, a higher number of affected areas and a negative subjective lockdown circumstance explained greater total PTSD symptoms. Conclusion: Specific pandemic experiences and lockdown circumstances affected the presence of posttraumatic symptoms. The personal meaning of life seems to be involved in the process of less adverse traumatic consequences.

scholarly journals Social Media Exposure, Psychological Distress, Emotion Regulation, and Depression During the COVID-19 Outbreak in Community Samples in China

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu-ting Zhang ◽  
Rui-ting Li ◽  
Xiao-jun Sun ◽  
Ming Peng ◽  
Xu Li
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Emotion Regulation ◽  
Psychological Distress ◽  
Media Exposure ◽  
Expressive Suppression ◽  
Impact Of Event Scale ◽  
Event Scale ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been a global emergency, affecting millions of individuals both physically and psychologically. The present research investigated the associations between social media exposure and depression during the COVID-19 outbreak by examining the mediating role of psychological distress and the moderating role of emotion regulation among members of the general public in China. Participants (N = 485) completed a set of questionnaires online, including demographic information, self-rated physical health, and social media exposure to topics related to COVID-19. The Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R), the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), and the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ) were utilized to measure psychological distress about COVID-19, depression, and emotion regulation strategies, respectively. Results found that older age and greater levels of social media exposure were associated with more psychological distress about the virus (r = 0.14, p = 0.003; r = 0.22, p < 0.001). Results of the moderated mediation model suggest that psychological distress mediated the relationship between social media exposure and depression (β = 0.10; Boot 95% CI = 0.07, 0.15). Furthermore, expressive suppression moderated the relationship between psychological distress and depression (β = 0.10, p = 0.017). The findings are discussed in terms of the need for mental health assistance for individuals at high risk of depression, including the elderly and individuals who reported greater psychological distress and those who showed preference usage of suppression, during the COVID-19 crisis.

Bereavement and Stress of a Miscarriage: As it Affects the Couple

1998 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 317-327 ◽  
Author(s):  
Loraine Alderman ◽  
June Chisholm ◽  
Florence Denmark ◽  
Stephen Salbod
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Response Pattern ◽  
Perinatal Death ◽  
Psychological Impact ◽  
Major Purpose ◽  
Impact Of Event Scale ◽  
Event Scale ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Perinatal death affects nearly one-third of all pregnant women (Toedter, Lasker, & Alhadeff, 1988). Of the different forms of perinatal death, this study explored the psychological impact of grief and stress in couples who experienced a miscarriage. Using the Grief Experience Inventory—Loss Version and The Impact of Event Scale, this study specifically looked at the differences between the couple in how they grieve and experience the stress of the miscarriage. Profile analyses indicated that the women's overall response pattern to the bereavement scales was different from their partners. In addition, women reported significantly higher Intrusive Distress than their partners. Results suggest that a miscarriage affects the woman and her partner, as well as the relationship of the couple. The major purpose of this investigation was to study the psychological experience of a miscarriage, and to determine if women and their partners experience the loss differently.

scholarly journals Association between stalking victimisation and psychiatric morbidity in a random community sample

2005 ◽  
Vol 187 (5) ◽  
pp. 416-420 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosemary Purcell ◽  
Michele Pathé ◽  
Paul E. Mullen
Keyword(s):  
Matched Control ◽  
Community Sample ◽  
General Health Questionnaire ◽  
Psychiatric Morbidity ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Impact Of Event Scale ◽  
Event Scale ◽  
Stalking Victims ◽  
The Impact

BackgroundNo studies have assessed psychopathology among victims of stalking who have not sought specialist help.AimsTo examine the associations between stalking victimisation and psychiatric morbidity in a representative community sample.MethodA random community sample (n = 1844) completed surveys examining the experience of harassment and current mental health. The 28-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ–28) and the Impact of Event Scale were used to assess symptomatology in those reporting brief harassment (n = 196) or protracted stalking (n = 236) and a matched control group reporting no harassment (n = 432)ResultsRates of caseness on the GHQ–28 were higher among stalking victims (36.4%) than among controls (19.3%) and victims of brief harassment (21.9%). Psychiatric morbidity did not differ according to the recency of victimisation, with 34.1% of victims meeting caseness criteria 1 year after stalking had ended.ConclusionsIn a significant minority of victims, stalking victimisation is associated with psychiatric morbidity that may persist long after it has ceased. Recognition of the immediate and long-term impacts of stalking is necessary to assist victims and help alleviate distress and long-term disability.

scholarly journals The Relationship between Mindfulness and Sleep Quality is Mediated by Emotion Regulation

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 42-66
Author(s):  
Garrett Talley ◽  
John Shelley-Tremblay
Keyword(s):  
Emotion Regulation ◽  
Sleep Quality ◽  
Quality Index ◽  
Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Impact Of Event Scale ◽  
Event Scale ◽  
Acting With Awareness ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Background: Sleep is critical to a person’s overall physical and mental health. The current study investigated the relationship between mindfulness and sleep quality, to determine if this relationship is influenced by emotion regulation and perceived stress. Method: Three hundred sixty-seven undergraduate students responded to five self-report measures, (1) The Cognitive and Affective Mindfulness Scale (CAMS-R), (2) The Impact of Event Scale (IES-R), (3) The Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ), (4) The Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ), and (5) The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Results: Results revealed (1) sleep quality was predicted by the presence of hyperarousal, acting with awareness, and the CAMS-R, (2) the Impact of Event Scale was moderately positively correlated with a person’s global score on the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, and (3) the relationship between mindfulness and sleep quality was mediated by hyperarousal. Conclusions: Together, our findings suggest that higher levels of intrusive thoughts, avoidance, and hyperarousal are correlated with lower overall sleep quality, and the use of mindfulness techniques such as acting with awareness and being non-reacting to negative thoughts or hyperarousal may help predict an individual’s sleep quality.

scholarly journals The Relationship between Psychological Impact and Self-control in Chinese Residents outside Hubei Province during the Epidemic of COVID-19: The mediation of self-regulated fatigue

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lian Xiong ◽  
Liangshi Yan ◽  
Xin Wang ◽  
Chu Yang
Keyword(s):  
Online Survey ◽  
Psychological Impact ◽  
Hubei Province ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Control Scale ◽  
Impact Of Event Scale ◽  
Event Scale ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Different Levels

Abstract Aim: This study aimed to study the psychological impact of COVID-19 on Chinese residents outside the Hubei province and the relationship among impact of event, self-regulated fatigue and self-control. Subject and Methods: The 400 questionnaires had been collected through an online survey platform from 30th January to 2nd February in 2020 and included 4 parts: (1) sociodemographic data; (2)The revised version of the Impact of Event Scale(IES-R); (3) Self-Regulatory Fatigue Scale(SRF-S); (4)Self control scale (SCS). Results: (1)There were significant differences between different levels of sociodemographic variables on IES-R, SRF-S and SCS; (2) 75 (18.75%) residents reported a moderate-severe psychological impact; (3)There were significant differences between the previous researches and current study;(4)the high-score group of SCS had got significantly higher scores on SRF-S and IES-R. (5) Self-regulated fatigue partially mediated the relationship between impact of event and self-control. Conclusion: We found that the residents suffered a psychological impact during the outbreak of COVID-19 .The more self-control they were, the more self-regulated fatigue and psychological impact they suffered, and self-control could not only had an direct influence on psychological impact but also had affected it indirectly through self-regulated fatigue.

scholarly journals Development and Validation of Corona Virus Anxiety Scale (CVAS)

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (9) ◽  
pp. 958-966
Author(s):  
Afreen FAIZA
Keyword(s):  
Construct Validity ◽  
Anxiety Scale ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Impact Of Event Scale ◽  
Event Scale ◽  
Corona Virus ◽  
Development And Validation ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Background and Objectives: The advent of 2020 was eclipsed by an epidemic crisis of COVID-19. The swift spread of fatal viruses creates paralyzing apprehensions among all human beings and has produced a need to develop a sound psychometric scale to measure anxiety related to COVID-19. Methods: Items for a Corona Virus Anxiety Scale (CVAS) emerged from literature reviews, a SARS fear scale, and qualitative analysis of interviews. After successive item modifications and pilot-testing, the 17-item self-reported CVAS was administered to (N = 256) participants. A sample of (N = 45) individuals was recruited for determination of CVAS construct validity with the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R). Results: Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) showed 3 factors with 57.46 % variance, Fear of Infection and Death (FOIAD), Social Isolation (SI), and Loss of Control and Helplessness (LOCAH). Item-total correlation values ranged from (r = 0.46 to 0.63, p < 0.01). Overall, CVAS showed a high-value Cronbach alpha reliability (α = 0.896); alpha reliabilities for subscales also lay in acceptable ranges. The relationship between CVAS and IES-R suggests significant and positive correlation values (r = 0.477, **p < 0.01), demonstrating the construct validity of the newly-developed CVAS. Interpretation and Conclusions: CVAS is a reliable and valid self-reporting tool for screening of anxieties about COVID-19 among the general population.

Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Impact of Event Scale - Revised

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Orazem ◽  
Claire Hebenstreit ◽  
Daniel King ◽  
Lynda King ◽  
Arieh Shalev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Confirmatory Factor Analysis ◽  
Impact Of Event Scale ◽  
Event Scale ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
The Impact

Risk Attitude and Corporate Investment under Output Market Uncertainty: Evidence from The Mekong River Delta, Vietnam

2016 ◽  
pp. 59-70
Author(s):  
Ninh Le Khuong ◽  
Nghiem Le Tan ◽  
Tho Huynh Huu
Keyword(s):  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Risk Attitude ◽  
Business Strategies ◽  
Risk Averse ◽  
Market Uncertainty ◽  
Firm Investment ◽  
Output Market ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

This paper aims to detect the impact of firm managers’ risk attitude on the relationship between the degree of output market uncertainty and firm investment. The findings show that there is a negative relationship between these two aspects for risk-averse managers while there is a positive relationship for risk-loving ones, since they have different utility functions. Based on the findings, this paper proposes recommendations for firm managers to take into account when making investment decisions and long-term business strategies as well.

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