scholarly journals Drying a Standing Teak Tree using a Solar Kiln Drying Method

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Khamtan PHONETIP ◽  
Latsamy BOUPHA ◽  
Bounyu PHANOUVONG ◽  
Oudone SICHALUENE ◽  
Khanxay KHAMMANIVONG ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Tectona Grandis ◽  
Average Moisture Content ◽  
Drying Method ◽  
Transparent Plastic ◽  
Drying Time ◽  
Plastic Sheet ◽  
Kiln Drying ◽  
Solar Kiln ◽  
Teak Tree

Understanding the rate of drying of standing trees dried by using a solar kiln drying method could help in predicting the change of moisture content in the tree over a period of drying time. The purpose of this study was to observe the change of moisture content profile in a standing tree during drying. A standing Tectona grandis tree was selected for the experiment with a diameter at breast height of 29 cm in a mixed-species plantation. The tree was girdled with 20 cm width at 20cm above ground. For the experiment, the tree was wrapped in a transparent plastic sheet and a black plastic sheet was installed at the bottom with an angle of 39 °C facing Southwest to maximize solar radiation, with the method being modified from the solar kiln method, which is known as a greenhouse type, with 2 layers of plastic cover. The black and white sheets were placed on the inner side for insulation and for collecting heat from the sun’s radiation, while the outer layer was transparent, which allowed radiation to propagate unhindered in the black sheet. In this study, a sensor for temperature and relative humidity (DHT22) was attached inside the wrapped plastic and the data recorded every 6 min. The results showed that drying a standing teak tree from an initial average moisture content of 105 % to a constant point of 60 % took 80 days under the maximum of the collected temperature of 46 °C inside the wrapped plastic; this finding confirmed that the predicted model of recharge and discharge curve was likely accurate.

Drying Tectona grandis boards using the simulating solar kiln conditions technique

BioResources ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 9075-9087
Author(s):  
Khamtan Phonetip ◽  
Graham Ian Brodie ◽  
Douangta Bouaphavong ◽  
Latsamy Boupha ◽  
Somxay Khambouddaphan
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Tectona Grandis ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Average Moisture Content ◽  
Solar Kiln ◽  
Moisture Contents ◽  
Maximal Error ◽  
Discharge Model ◽  
Drying Model ◽  
Measured Moisture Content

Timber cracking, drying stress residuals, and the change of moisture content profile were investigated during the drying of Tectona grandis boards in a conventional laboratory kiln. The study applied a technique that simulated solar kiln conditions using a conventional laboratory kiln to dry timber, based on Vientiane’s climatic conditions (Laos). The theoretical recharge and discharge model was used to generate the potential drying schedule for the Vientiane area; then the drying schedule was mimicked in a conventional laboratory kiln. Timber cracking and drying stress residual were monitored and measured using Image J software, and the change of moisture content profile was determined, based on the oven dry method. Measured moisture content data were compared with the theoretical drying model. The results showed that teak boards, of 25 mm thick, had no cracking. The drying stress residual was 0.8 ± 0.3 mm with the maximum of 1.53 mm. The initial average moisture content of 62% decreased to 12% within 16 d, while the case and core moisture contents reached 12% and 14%, respectively. The drying model described the changes of moisture content profile during drying, with a maximal error of 5%.

Simulation of Drying Hevea brasiliensis Wood

2015 ◽  
Vol 1088 ◽  
pp. 802-806 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cláudio de Conti ◽  
Andrea Cressoni de Conti ◽  
Maristela Gava ◽  
Luiz Oliveira Veriano dalla Valentina ◽  
Glaucia Aparecida Prates
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Statistical Method ◽  
Temperature Increase ◽  
Gravimetric Method ◽  
Average Moisture Content ◽  
Drying Process ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Drying Time ◽  
Kiln Temperature ◽  
Drying Curve

The Simpson model proposes that the rate of wood drying is directly proportional to average moisture content. In this work was done the fitting and the reproduction of drying curve forHeveabrasiliensiswood through of Simpson model and the chi-square statistical method. The curves were obtained by drying 108 specimensHeveabrasiliensiswood with size 10 mm x 20 mm x 100 mm that were drying in a laboratory kiln. The drying control was performed through gradual temperature increase in order to minimize the errors arising due the drastic loss of moisture by wood. The gravimetric method was used to evaluate the drying process, the specimens have theirs mass measured every 6 hours until the timber reached the theoretical anhydrous state. The drying curve of rubber wood obtained here can be used to estimate the drying time of this species for different kiln temperature settings.

scholarly journals Quality Assessment of Air-dried Teakwood Boards Using Moisture Content Gradients

2016 ◽  
Vol 24 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Djeison Cesar Batista ◽  
José Tarcísio da Silva Oliveira ◽  
Rená Porto Pizetta ◽  
Vinicius Munaldi Lube
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Average Moisture Content ◽  
Drying Process ◽  
Air Drying ◽  
Kiln Drying ◽  
Moisture Meter ◽  
Environment Control ◽  
Moisture Content Gradient

ABSTRACT The determination of moisture content gradients is one of the most important steps for assessing the quality of wood drying. The general aim of this work was to study the quality of air-dried teakwood boards according to the gradients of moisture content in thickness and length. Six representative boards (40 × 180 × 2,300 mm) were sampled from a stack air-dried under shelter, divided into 30 equal parts in length and measured with a resistance moisture meter, resulting in four treatments: two depths (1/4 and 1/2 thickness) and two surfaces (inner and outer) of measurement. As main results, we can conclude that the air-drying quality can be considered good, mainly for two reasons: i) the average moisture content gradients in thickness were comparable to those reported in literature for kiln-drying of less thick boards; ii) the range of average moisture content among boards (2.5 p.p.) was satisfactory for a drying process carried out without environment control. Length moisture content gradient was completely different from that reported in literature, in which no board tops had smaller moisture content than the parts comprehended in between the tops.

scholarly journals Determination of Drying Patterns of Radish Slabs under Different Drying Methods Using Hyperspectral Imaging Coupled with Multivariate Analysis

Foods ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 484 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dongyoung Lee ◽  
Santosh Lohumi ◽  
Byoung-Kwan Cho ◽  
Seung Hyun Lee ◽  
Hyunmo Jung
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Hyperspectral Image ◽  
Partial Least Square ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Moisture Distribution ◽  
Microwave Drying ◽  
Drying Methods ◽  
Drying Method ◽  
Drying Time ◽  
Hot Air

Drying kinetics and the moisture distribution map of radish slabs under different drying methods (hot-air drying (HAD), microwave drying (MD), and hot-air and microwave combination drying (HMCD)) were determined and visualized by hyperspectral image (HSI) processing coupled with a partial least square regression (PLSR)-variable importance in projection (VIP) model, respectively. Page model was the most suitable in describing the experimental moisture loss data of radish slabs regardless of the drying method. Dielectric properties (DP, ε ) of radish slices decreased with the decrease in moisture content (MC) during MD, and the penetration depth of microwaves in radish was between 0.81 and 1.15 cm. The PLSR-VIP model developed with 38 optimal variables could result in the high prediction accuracies for both the calibration ( R c a l 2 = 0.967 and RMSEC = 4.32 % ) and validation ( R v a l 2 = 0.962 and RMSEC = 4.45 % ). In visualized drying patterns, the radish slabs dried by HAD had a higher moisture content at the center than at the edges; however, the samples dried by MD contained higher moisture content at the edges. The nearly uniform drying pattern of radish slabs under HMCD was observed in hyperspectral images. Drying uniformity of radish slabs could be improved by the combination drying method, which significantly reduces drying time.

scholarly journals Energy Analysis of a Hybrid Solar Dryer for Drying Coffee Beans

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 131-139
Author(s):  
Suherman Suherman ◽  
Hasri Widuri ◽  
Shelyn Patricia ◽  
Evan Eduard Susanto ◽  
Raafi Jaya Sutrisna
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Solar Collector ◽  
Energy Analysis ◽  
Initial Moisture Content ◽  
Solar Drying ◽  
Drying Method ◽  
Drying Time ◽  
Solar Dryer ◽  
Coffee Beans ◽  
Drying Chamber

In this study, hybrid solar drying of coffee beans was performed, and energy analysis was carried out, to assess the system’s performance, in terms of energy efficiency, compared to solar drying and the open sun drying method. The dryer has three compartments: solar collector for collecting solar radiation, drying chamber, and a Liquid Petroleum Gas burner, which acted as an auxiliary heater to assist the thermal energy. The drying chamber has four trays for placing the dried product. The initial moisture content of coffee beans was 54.23% w.b and was reduced to the final moisture content between 11-12% w.b. The coffee beans dried faster when subjected to the solar hybrid drying method, compared to other methods, with the dryer temperature of 40°C, 50°C, and 60°C. Results indicated that the coffee beans’ drying times varied from 10 to 14 hours. However, at temperature 50°C and 60°C for the 1st tray, the water content was reduced more rapidly compared to the other tray. From the results of this study, we can see the different efficiency of solar collector that shows of 54.15% at variable temperature 60°C for drying time 12:00 to 14:00 p.m for hybrid solar drying and for the solar drying process is 50.07% at the range of drying time 12:00 to 14:00 p.m. Mathematical modelling shows that Page model is the most suitable for describing the coffee beans’ drying behaviour using a hybrid solar dryer. The effective diffusivity values found in this experiment are all in the acceptable range for most agricultural products. ©2020. CBIORE-IJRED. All rights reserved

scholarly journals Functional properties of dried tarragon affected by drying method

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Banu Koç ◽  
Nazan Çağlar ◽  
Gamze Atar
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Color Change ◽  
Colour Change ◽  
Microwave Drying ◽  
Perennial Herb ◽  
Drying Method ◽  
Drying Time ◽  
Infrared Drying ◽  
Temperature Levels ◽  
Asteraceae Family

Tarragon is a small shrubby perennial herb in the Asteraceae family. It is cultivated for the use of its aromatic leaves in seasoning, salads, sauces, vinegars, mustard and spices. In this study, tarragon was dried in two different drying equipment (infrared (ID) and microwave dryers (MD)) to compare the drying and final product properties (moisture content, water activity and colour change). Three different output power levels of 125, 250 and 500 W were used for MD, whereas the ID treatment involved three drying temperature levels that were 60, 70 and 80°C. A comparison of the drying kinetics, MD was more effective in shortening drying time when compared with ID. Keywords: Tarragon, microwave drying, infrared drying, color change 

scholarly journals Sensory, Physicochemical and Antioxidants Evaluation of Kecombrang (Etlingera elatior) Preservative Powder with Foam-mat Drying Method for Beef Meatballs Products

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 163-172
Author(s):  
Rifda Naufalin ◽  
Erminawati Wuryatmo ◽  
Rumpoko Wicaksono ◽  
Laila Sausan El Islami
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Sensory Evaluation ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Physicochemical Analysis ◽  
Average Moisture Content ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Total Flavonoids ◽  
Drying Method ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Hydrolyzed Protein

This study aims to determine the effect of the type and concentration of preservative powder with foam-mat drying method to produce optimal beef meatballs products seen from the chemical, sensory, and antioxidant evaluation. This study used an experimental method with a randomized block design with the factors being studied were the type of powder of kecombrang plant parts, namely flowers and stems with the concentrations used, namely 0%, 1%, 2%, and 3%.  Physicochemical analysis was performed on moisture content, pH, and total protein hydrolyzed (Formol test). The sensory evaluation was carried out by 25 trained people using the descriptive and hedonic testing methods on a scale of 1-5 (very dislike to very much like). Meanwhile, the best treatment from the results of physicochemical and sensory evaluation was analyzed of bioactive compounds (antioxidants) was carried out on total flavonoids and total phenols. The results showed that the best treatment combination was the type of flower preservative with a concentration of 2% which had characteristics with an average moisture content of 57.19 ± 5.71%, pH 7.1 ± 0.21, hydrolyzed protein content (Formol) 1.40 ± 0.35%, whitish-gray color (2.72 ± 1.40), scents of meat and kecombrang (3.64 ± 0.49), slightly chewy texture (3.52 ± 0.65), flavored with meat and kecombrang (3.68 ± 0.75), is rather preferenced by panelists (3.12 ± 0.97), and results of antioxidants evaluation were total flavonoids 2.42 mg QE / 100 mg, total phenolic 179.53 mg QE / 100 mg. The concentration of kecombrang flower and stems powder suitable for adding to beef meatballss is seen from the physicochemical and sensory evaluation up to 2%.

scholarly journals Comparison of Standard Moisture Loss-on-Drying Methods for the Determination of Moisture Content of Corn Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles

2010 ◽  
Vol 93 (3) ◽  
pp. 825-832 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klein E Ileleji ◽  
Arnoldo A Garcia ◽  
Ambrose R P Kingsly ◽  
Clairmont L Clementson
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Fuel Ethanol ◽  
Moisture Loss ◽  
Drying Methods ◽  
Moisture Determination ◽  
Drying Method ◽  
Drying Time ◽  
Distillers Dried Grains ◽  
Corn Distillers

Abstract This study quantified the variability among 14 standard moisture loss-on-drying (gravimetric) methods for determination of the moisture content of corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS). The methods were compared with the Karl Fischer (KF) titration method to determine their percent variation from the KF method. Additionally, the thermo-balance method using a halogen moisture analyzer that is routinely used in fuel ethanol plants was included in the methods investigated. Moisture contents by the loss-on-drying methods were significantly different for DDGS samples from three fuel ethanol plants. The percent deviation of the moisture loss-on-drying methods decreased with decrease in drying temperature and, to a lesser extent, drying time. This was attributed to an overestimation of moisture content in DDGS due to the release of volatiles at high temperatures. Our findings indicate that the various methods that have been used for moisture determination by moisture loss-on-drying will not give identical results and therefore, caution should be exercised when selecting a moisture loss-on-drying method for DDGS.

scholarly journals Determination of kinetic regularities of the process of drying perlite by radiation method

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. C11-C17
Author(s):  
O.A. Novokhat ◽  
V.T. Vozniuk ◽  
H.I. Hritsiuk ◽  
V. Lysii
Keyword(s):  
Heat Flux ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Heat Flux Density ◽  
Initial Moisture Content ◽  
Drying Method ◽  
Drying Time ◽  
Radiation Method ◽  
Infrared Emitter

The actual methods of perlite drying are established. The radiation method of perlite drying is offered. A description of an experimental installation for drying perlite by the radiation method is given. The kinetic regularities of this method are established. Graphical dependences of moisture content on drying time, perlite surface temperature on drying time, and drying speed of perlite on drying time are described. The influence of the initial moisture content of perlite, the value of the heat flux density from the infrared emitter, the thickness of the perlite layer, and the value of the perlite fraction were determined. The analysis on the resulted graphic dependences is made. A drying installation with a combined drying method is proposed. The general conclusions concerning the expediency of a radiation method of drying perlite are made.

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