Interactive Effects of Water Chemistry, Hydrodynamics, and Precipitated Calcium Carbonate Causing Erosion Corrosion of Copper in Hot Water Recirculation Systems: Case Study and Experimental Work

CORROSION ◽  
10.5006/2937 ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 74 (11) ◽  
pp. 1288-1306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siddhartha Roy ◽  
Marc A. Edwards
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Water Chemistry ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Corrosion Attack ◽  
Precipitated Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Copper Pipe ◽  
Erosion Corrosion ◽  
Water Recirculation ◽  
High Turbulence

Erosion corrosion, or flow-induced failure, of copper is a complex phenomenon driven by a multitude of water quality, hydrodynamic, and electrochemical factors. This most common form of corrosion attack in hot water is likely to increase with newer Legionella risk-management regulations promulgating increased water recirculation, hotter water temperatures, and higher chlorine disinfectant dose. The current work reports findings from an investigation into widespread copper plumbing failure due to erosion corrosion in a large building complex by systematically exploring the effects of relevant water chemistry and hydrodynamic variables on localized erosion corrosion attack. The results seriously call into question decades of conventional wisdom by demonstrating that hard waters are not inherently less aggressive than soft water; in fact, if calcium carbonate solids form they can become even more aggressive. Entrained particles significantly accelerated attack on copper pipe walls, especially in high-turbulence areas like bends. This is the first research study to reliably reproduce rapid erosion corrosion failures in realistic potable water chemistry in the laboratory.

Flow-induced failure mechanisms of copper pipe in potable water systems

2018 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 449-481 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siddhartha Roy ◽  
Jeffrey M. Coyne ◽  
Julia A. Novak ◽  
Marc A. Edwards
Keyword(s):  
Potable Water ◽  
Scientific Work ◽  
Forensic Analysis ◽  
Water Systems ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Laboratory Research ◽  
Copper Pipe ◽  
Erosion Corrosion ◽  
Water Recirculation ◽  
Work Done

AbstractErosion or velocity-induced copper pipe corrosion is a significant problem in potable water systems, especially hot water recirculation systems. The little scientific work done in freshwater has not always been able to scientifically isolate the key factors causing these failures; in fact, most existing recommendations rely on anecdotal and/or experiential knowledge from forensic analysis of field failures, which are not confirmed by complementary laboratory research. Consequently, this comprehensive review summarizes prior observations that include mechanical and electrochemical attack induced by water chemistry, temperature, velocity, hydrodynamic conditions, presence of particulate matter, and other variables thought to influence/exacerbate erosion corrosion. Distinct phenomena thought to contribute to erosion corrosion or “flow-induced failure”, including concentration cell corrosion, cavitation, particle/bubble impingement, and high velocity impingement, are explored in detail along with conventional erosion corrosion testing methods. Existing recommendations to prevent erosion corrosion in copper pipes are evaluated and inconsistencies in available guidelines are examined.

scholarly journals Interactive Effects of Copper Pipe, Stagnation, Corrosion Control, and Disinfectant Residual Influenced Reduction of Legionella pneumophila during Simulations of the Flint Water Crisis

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 730 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebekah L. Martin ◽  
Owen R. Strom ◽  
Amy Pruden ◽  
Marc A. Edwards
Keyword(s):  
Water Chemistry ◽  
Legionella Pneumophila ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Residual Chlorine ◽  
Drinking Water Source ◽  
Corrosion Control ◽  
Copper Pipe ◽  
Chlorine Demand ◽  
Flint River

Flint, MI experienced two outbreaks of Legionnaires’ Disease (LD) during the summers of 2014 and 2015, coinciding with use of Flint River as a drinking water source without corrosion control. Using simulated distribution systems (SDSs) followed by stagnant simulated premise (i.e., building) plumbing reactors (SPPRs) containing cross-linked polyethylene (PEX) or copper pipe, we reproduced trends in water chemistry and Legionella proliferation observed in the field when Flint River versus Detroit water were used before, during, and after the outbreak. Specifically, due to high chlorine demand in the SDSs, SPPRs with treated Flint River water were chlorine deficient and had elevated L. pneumophila numbers in the PEX condition. SPPRs with Detroit water, which had lower chlorine demand and higher residual chlorine, lost all culturable L. pneumophila within two months. L. pneumophila also diminished more rapidly with time in Flint River SPPRs with copper pipe, presumably due to the bacteriostatic properties of elevated copper concentrations caused by lack of corrosion control and stagnation. This study confirms hypothesized mechanisms by which the switch in water chemistry, pipe materials, and different flow patterns in Flint premise plumbing may have contributed to observed LD outbreak patterns.

A method for measuring the in-plane compressive strength and the compression behavior of coating layers

TAPPI Journal ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 29-34
Author(s):  
TEEMU PUHAKKA ◽  
ISKO KAJANTO ◽  
NINA PYKÄLÄINEN
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Coating Layer ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Coating Films ◽  
Precipitated Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Coating Color ◽  
Mineral Coatings ◽  
Styrene Butadiene

Cracking at the fold is a quality defect sometimes observed in coated paper and board. Although tensile and compressive stresses occur during folding, test methods to measure the compressive strength of a coating have not been available. Our objective was to develop a method to measure the compressive strength of a coating layer and to investigate how different mineral coatings behave under compression. We used the short-span compressive strength test (SCT) to measure the in-plane compressive strength of a free coating layer. Unsupported free coating films were prepared for the measurements. Results indicate that the SCT method was suitable for measuring the in-plane compressive strength of a coating layer. Coating color formulations containing different kaolin and calcium carbonate minerals were used to study the effect of pigment particles’ shape on the compressive and tensile strengths of coatings. Latices having two different glass transition temperatures were used. Results showed that pigment particle shape influenced the strength of a coating layer. Platy clay gave better strength than spherical or needle-shaped carbonate pigments. Compressive and tensile strength decreased as a function of the amount of calcium carbonate in the coating color, particularly with precipitated calcium carbonate. We also assessed the influence of styrene-butadiene binder on the compressive strength of the coating layer, which increased with the binder level. The compressive strength of the coating layer was about three times the tensile strength.

Transjøen, a Groundwater Influenced Lake with Special Redox and Sulphate Conditions

1976 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 307-320 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. S. Bremmeng ◽  
A. E. Kloster
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Lower Layer ◽  
Calcium Content ◽  
Meromictic Lake ◽  
Redox Potentials ◽  
Precipitated Calcium Carbonate

Transjøen, a lake in S.E. Norway investigated hydrographically from October 1969 to October 1971, consists of two basins, both of which are meromictic (lake with lower layer which does not participate in the periodic circulations). The lake has a large influx of groundwater of very varying chemical composition. The calcium content is high and precipitated calcium carbonate and electrolyte rich groundwater is assumed to be the main reason for the meromictic stability. The redox potentials of monimolimnion (the lower layer which does not participtate in the periodic circulation) are extremely low, but in spite of this fact the content of sulphate is high.

scholarly journals A Novel Resorbable Composite Material Containing Poly(ester-co-urethane) and Precipitated Calcium Carbonate Spherulites for Bone Augmentation—Development and Preclinical Pilot Trials

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 102
Author(s):  
Claudia Rode ◽  
Ralf Wyrwa ◽  
Juergen Weisser ◽  
Matthias Schnabelrauch ◽  
Marijan Vučak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Composite Material ◽  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Bone Substitute ◽  
Pilot Trial ◽  
Carbonate Content ◽  
Precipitated Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Degradation Behaviour ◽  
Biodegradable Composite ◽  
Loss Of Mass

Polyurethanes have the potential to impart cell-relevant properties like excellent biocompatibility, high and interconnecting porosity and controlled degradability into biomaterials in a relatively simple way. In this context, a biodegradable composite material made of an isocyanate-terminated co-oligoester prepolymer and precipitated calcium carbonated spherulites (up to 60% w/w) was synthesized and investigated with regard to an application as bone substitute in dental and orthodontic application. After foaming the composite material, a predominantly interconnecting porous structure is obtained, which can be easily machined. The compressive strength of the foamed composites increases with raising calcium carbonate content and decreasing calcium carbonate particle size. When stored in an aqueous medium, there is a decrease in pressure stability of the composite, but this decrease is smaller the higher the proportion of the calcium carbonate component is. In vitro cytocompatibility studies of the foamed composites on MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblasts revealed an excellent cytocompatibility. The in vitro degradation behaviour of foamed composite is characterised by a continuous loss of mass, which is slower with higher calcium carbonate contents. In a first pre-clinical pilot trial the foamed composite bone substitute material (fcm) was successfully evaluated in a model of vertical augmentation in an established animal model on the calvaria and on the lateral mandible of pigs.

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