Modelling Melanin Biosynthesis Pathway with Petri Nets

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammed Hathibelagal ◽  
Reggie Davidrajuh
Keyword(s):  
Petri Nets ◽  
Biosynthesis Pathway ◽  
Melanin Biosynthesis

scholarly journals The role of pH in the melanin biosynthesis pathway.

1982 ◽  
Vol 257 (15) ◽  
pp. 8738-8744
Author(s):  
F G Cánovas ◽  
F García-Carmona ◽  
J V Sánchez ◽  
J L Pastor ◽  
J A Teruel
Keyword(s):  
Biosynthesis Pathway ◽  
Melanin Biosynthesis

Melanin biosynthesis pathway in Agaricus bisporus mushrooms

2013 ◽  
Vol 55 ◽  
pp. 42-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Weijn ◽  
S. Bastiaan-Net ◽  
H.J. Wichers ◽  
J.J. Mes
Keyword(s):  
Agaricus Bisporus ◽  
Biosynthesis Pathway ◽  
Melanin Biosynthesis

scholarly journals A silencer repressing redundant enhancer activities revealed by deleting endogenouscis-regulatory element ofebonyinDrosophila melanogaster

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noriyoshi Akiyama ◽  
Shoma Sato ◽  
Kentaro M. Tanaka ◽  
Takaomi Sakai ◽  
Aya Takahashi
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Genome Editing ◽  
Expression Pattern ◽  
Regulatory Region ◽  
Regulatory Elements ◽  
Biosynthesis Pathway ◽  
Melanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Pigment Synthesis ◽  
Endogenous Expression ◽  
Spatiotemporal Regulation

AbstractThe spatiotemporal regulation of gene expression is essential to ensure robust phenotypic outcomes. Pigmentation patterns inDrosophilaare formed by the deposition of different pigments synthesized in the developing epidermis and the role ofcis-regulatory elements (CREs) of melanin biosynthesis pathway-related genes is well-characterized. These CREs typically exhibit modular arrangement in the regulatory region of the gene with each enhancer regulating a specific spatiotemporal expression of the gene. However, recent studies have suggested that multiple enhancers of a number of developmental genes as well as those ofyellow(involved in dark pigment synthesis) exhibit redundant activities. Here we report the redundant enhancer activities in thecis-regulatory region of another gene in the melanin biosynthesis pathway,ebony, in the developing epidermis ofDrosophila melanogaster. The evidence was obtained by introducing an approximately 1 kbp deletion at the endogenous primary epidermis enhancer (priEE) by genome editing. The effect of the priEE deletion on pigmentation and on the endogenous expression pattern of amCherry-taggedebonyallele was examined in the thoracic and abdominal segments. The expression level ofebonyin the priEE-deleted strains was similar to that of the control strain, indicating the presence of redundant enhancer activities that drive the broad expression ofebonyin the developing epidermis. Additionally, the priEE fragment contained a silencer that suppressesebonyexpression in the dorsal midline of the abdominal tergites, which is necessary for the development of the subgenusSophophora-specific dark pigmentation patterns along the midline. The endogenous expression pattern ofebonyin the priEE-deleted strains and the reporter assay examining the autonomous activity of the priEE fragment indicated that the silencer is involved in repressing the activities of both proximal and distant enhancers. These results suggest that multiple silencers are dispensable in the regulatory system of a relatively stable taxonomic character. The prevalence of other redundant enhancers and silencers in the genome can be investigated using a similar approach.Author summaryGenes are expressed at the right timing and place to give rise to diverse phenotypes. The spatiotemporal regulation is usually achieved through the coordinated activities of transcription-activating and transcription-repressing proteins that bind to the DNA sequences called enhancers and silencers, respectively, located near the target gene. Most studies identified the locations of enhancers by examining the ability of the sequence fragments to regulate the expression of fused reporters. Various short enhancers have been identified using this approach. This study employed an alternative approach in which the previously identified enhancer that regulates expression ofebony(a gene involved in body color formation) was deleted in a fruitfly,Drosophila melanogaster, using the genome-editing technique. The knockout of this enhancer did not affect the transcription level of the gene to a large extent. This indicated the presence of transcription-activating elements with redundant functions outside the deleted enhancer. Additionally, the transcription ofebonyat the midline of the abdomen, which is repressed in the normal flies, were derepressed in the enhancer-deleted flies, which indicated that the deleted enhancer fragment contained a silencer that negatively regulates multiple enhancer activities in a spatially restricted manner.

scholarly journals Palladium(II)-Catalyzed Efficient Synthesis of Wedelolactone and Evaluation as Potential Tyrosinase Inhibitor

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (22) ◽  
pp. 4130
Author(s):  
Huidan Huang ◽  
Jianqiu Chen ◽  
Jie Ren ◽  
Chaofeng Zhang ◽  
Fei Ji
Keyword(s):  
Natural Product ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Coupling Reactions ◽  
Biosynthesis Pathway ◽  
Tyrosinase Inhibitor ◽  
Efficient Synthesis ◽  
Melanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Methodological Research ◽  
Palladium Catalyzed ◽  
Tyrosinase Inhibitors

Tyrosinase is an enzyme widely distributed in nature, which has multiple functions, especially in the melanin biosynthesis pathway. Despite the few clinically available tyrosinase inhibitors for whitening, a great demand remains for novel compounds with low side effects in terms of potential carcinogenicity and improved clinical efficacy. A natural product, wedelolactone (WEL), with a polyhydroxyl moiety, attracted our attention as a potential tyrosinase inhibitor. Before we studied the biological activity of the natural product, a synthetic methodological research was firstly carried to obtain enough raw material. WEL could be obtained efficiently through palladium-catalyzed boronation/coupling reactions and 2,3-dicyano-5,6-dichlorobenzoquinone (DDQ)-involved oxidative deprotection/annulation reactions. Immediately after, the natural product was proven to be an efficient tyrosinase inhibitor. In conclusion, we developed a mild and efficient approach for the preparation of WEL, and the natural product was disclosed to have anti-tyrosinase activity, which could be widely used in multiple fields.

scholarly journals Intermediates Accumulation and Inhibition Sites of Carpropamid in the Melanin Biosynthesis Pathway of Pyricularia oryzae

1998 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshio KURAHASHI ◽  
Yasuo ARAKI ◽  
Taro KINBARA ◽  
Rolf PONTZEN ◽  
Isamu YAMAGUCHI
Keyword(s):  
Pyricularia Oryzae ◽  
Biosynthesis Pathway ◽  
Melanin Biosynthesis

Generation of hydrogen peroxide in the melanin biosynthesis pathway

2009 ◽  
Vol 1794 (7) ◽  
pp. 1017-1029 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jose Luis Munoz-Munoz ◽  
Francisco García-Molina ◽  
Ramón Varón ◽  
José Tudela ◽  
Francisco García-Cánovas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Biosynthesis Pathway ◽  
Melanin Biosynthesis

Main Phenolic Compounds of the Melanin Biosynthesis Pathway in Bruising-Tolerant and Bruising-Sensitive Button Mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) Strains

2013 ◽  
Vol 61 (34) ◽  
pp. 8224-8231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amrah Weijn ◽  
Dianne B. P. M. van den Berg-Somhorst ◽  
Jack C. Slootweg ◽  
Jean-Paul Vincken ◽  
Harry Gruppen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Agaricus Bisporus ◽  
Biosynthesis Pathway ◽  
Button Mushroom ◽  
Melanin Biosynthesis

Phlorotannins Derived From the Brown Alga Colpomenia bullosa as Tyrosinase Inhibitors

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. 1934578X2110213
Author(s):  
Hideyuki Kurihara ◽  
Kazuki Kujira
Keyword(s):  
Inhibitory Activity ◽  
Brown Alga ◽  
Molecular Structures ◽  
Free Form ◽  
Biosynthesis Pathway ◽  
Tyrosinase Inhibitor ◽  
Melanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Tyrosinase Inhibitory Activity ◽  
Tyrosinase Inhibitors ◽  
Potential Use

Tyrosinase catalyzes hydroxylation of L-tyrosine and dehydrogenation of L-DOPA in the melanin biosynthesis pathway. Tyrosinase inhibitors have potential use as cosmetic whitening agents and for preventing seafood deterioration. In this report, tyrosinase inhibitors extracted from brown alga Colpomenia bullosa (Scytosiphonaceae, Scytosiphonales) were investigated. Inhibitory principles were isolated from the extract and identified as phlorotannins, phloroglucinol (1), diphlorethol (2), triphlorethol C (3), which have not been isolated in a free form previously, and fucophlorethol C (4). Compounds 3 and 4 have not been reported previously as tyrosinase inhibitors. Triphlorethol C (3) was the most potent tyrosinase inhibitor among the phlorotannins isolated, whereas isomeric fucophlorethol C (4) displayed the weakest inhibitory activity. The results suggest that molecular structures of phlorotannins strongly affect their tyrosinase inhibitory activity.

scholarly journals Fingerprinting of skin cells by live cell Raman spectroscopy reveals melanoma cell heterogeneity and cell-type specific responses to UVR

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Mort ◽  
Emma Wilkinson ◽  
Sarah Allinson ◽  
Jemma G Kerns ◽  
Lorna Ashton
Keyword(s):  
Raman Spectroscopy ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Melanoma Cells ◽  
Biosynthesis Pathway ◽  
Label Free ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Melanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Differentiation Status ◽  
Β Carotene

Raman spectroscopy is an emerging dermatological technique with the potential to discriminate biochemically between cell types in a label free and non-invasive manner. Here we use live single cell Raman spectroscopy and principal component analysis (PCA) to fingerprint mouse melanoblasts, melanocytes, keratinocytes and melanoma cells. We show the differences in their spectra are attributable to biomarkers in the melanin biosynthesis pathway and that melanoma cells are a heterogeneous population that sit on a trajectory between undifferentiated melanoblasts and differentiated melanocytes. We demonstrate the utility of Raman spectroscopy as a highly sensitive tool to probe the melanin biosynthesis pathway and its immediate response to UV irradiation revealing previously undescribed opposing responses to UVA and UVB irradiation in melanocytes. Finally, we identify melanocyte specific accumulation of β-carotene correlated with a stabilisation of the UVR response in lipids and proteins consistent with a β-carotene mediated photoprotective mechanism. In summary our data show that Raman spectroscopy can be used to determine the differentiation status of cells of the melanocyte lineage and describe the immediate and temporal biochemical changes associated with UV exposure which differ depending on cell type, differentiation status and competence to synthesise melanin.

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