scholarly journals Botswana

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (158) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Price Index ◽  
Technical Assistance ◽  
Consumer Price Index ◽  
National Accounts ◽  
Producer Price ◽  
Inflationary Pressure ◽  
Current Consumption ◽  
Price Indexes ◽  
Southern Africa Development Community ◽  
Volume Estimates

A technical assistance (TA) mission was conducted by AFRITAC South (AFS)1 during February 4–15, 2019 in response to a request from Statistics Botswana (SB) to assist with updating the consumer price index (CPI) and to review progress with the development of the producer price index (PPI). A previous mission to assist with developing PPIs was held in April–May 2018. A broad range of representative price indexes are essential in understanding inflationary pressure in the economy and to better-inform economic policy making by the authorities. An updated CPI more broadly reflects current consumption patterns of households in Botswana and meets the requirements of the Southern Africa Development Community. National accounts have expressed the need for PPIs to develop more reliable volume estimates of economic growth for Botswana.

TREND INFLATION AND MONETARY POLICY IN EASTERN EUROPE

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 1649-1663
Author(s):  
Monika Junicke
Keyword(s):  
Monetary Policy ◽  
Transition Economies ◽  
Inflation Targeting ◽  
Price Index ◽  
Consumer Price Index ◽  
Producer Price ◽  
Trend Inflation ◽  
Theoretical Predictions ◽  
Dynamic Stochastic ◽  
Eastern European Countries

I use a two-country dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model with a nonzero steady-state inflation to study monetary policy in transition economies. In particular, my analysis focuses on whether inflation targeting is based on a consumer price index (CPI) or its producer counterpart, producer price index (PPI). This issue is specifically relevant for transition economies as they might be subject to Balassa–Samuelson effects arising from trading in international markets. Under these circumstances, domestic inflation is possibly higher than imported inflation, hence targeting PPI inflation may prove more effective in influencing domestic macroeconomic variables than targeting CPI inflation. Using a Bayesian methodology, I find that the central banks of three Eastern European countries (namely, the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland) are likely to target PPI inflation rather than CPI inflation. This result is in line with the theoretical predictions in the literature, and is robust across several Taylor-type rules.

scholarly journals The Price to Consumers of Generic Pharmaceuticals: Beyond the Headlines

2020 ◽  
pp. 107755872092110
Author(s):  
Richard G. Frank ◽  
Andrew Hicks ◽  
Ernst R. Berndt
Keyword(s):  
Prescription Drugs ◽  
Price Index ◽  
Generic Drugs ◽  
Consumer Price Index ◽  
The United States ◽  
Out Of Pocket Payments ◽  
Price Indexes ◽  
The Media ◽  
Generic Pharmaceuticals ◽  
Total Price

Generic drug prices have received a great deal of attention in the past few years. Many agencies have conducted investigations into the pricing patterns for generic drugs. Price spikes for several specific generic drugs have also been widely reported in the media. Today, 90% of all retail prescriptions sold in the United States are generic drugs. Thus, these prices affect affordability of prescription drugs. We construct two Laspeyres chained price indexes for generic prescription drugs. The first reflects direct out-of-pocket payments by consumers to pharmacies for dispensing generic prescription drugs. The second measures the total price received by the pharmacy (the direct out-of-pocket payment plus the price paid to the pharmacy by the insurer). The chained direct out-of-pocket consumer price index we construct shows a roughly 50% decline for generic prescription drugs between 2007 and 2016. The total consumer price index for generic prescription drugs fell by nearly 80%.

scholarly journals The Billion Prices Project: Using Online Prices for Measurement and Research

2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto Cavallo ◽  
Roberto Rigobon
Keyword(s):  
Price Index ◽  
Consumer Price Index ◽  
Economic Research ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Reliable Source ◽  
Price Indexes ◽  
Retail Prices ◽  
Project Data ◽  
Source Of Information

A large and growing share of retail prices all over the world are posted online on the websites of retailers. This is a massive and (until recently) untapped source of retail price information. Our objective with the Billion Prices Project, created at MIT in 2008, is to experiment with these new sources of information to improve the computation of traditional economic indicators, starting with the Consumer Price Index. We also seek to understand whether online prices have distinct dynamics, their advantages and disadvantages, and whether they can serve as reliable source of information for economic research. The word “billion” in Billion Prices Project was simply meant to express our desire to collect a massive amount of prices, though we in fact reached that number of observations in less than two years. By 2010, we were collecting 5 million prices every day from over 300 retailers in 50 countries. We describe the methodology used to compute online price indexes and show how they co-move with consumer price indexes in most countries. We also use our price data to study price stickiness, and to investigate the “law of one price” in international economics. Finally we describe how the Billion Prices Project data are publicly shared and discuss why data collection is an important endeavor that macro- and international economists should pursue more often.

scholarly journals SIGNIFICANT RELATIONSHIP INTELLECTUAL CAPITAL AND MACRO ECONOMICS: A CASE STUDY

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 112-118
Author(s):  
Ahmad Subagyo ◽  
Siti Zulaikha Wulandari ◽  
Desmadi Saharuddin
Keyword(s):  
Regression Model ◽  
Intellectual Capital ◽  
Price Index ◽  
Stock Exchange ◽  
Consumer Price Index ◽  
Economic Variable ◽  
Producer Price ◽  
Macroeconomic Variables ◽  
Log Linear ◽  
The Relationship

This paper aims to investigate the relationship between intellectual capital of several companies in Indonesia and macroeconomic variables Indonesia during the period 2011-2017 at 61 companies listed on the Stock Exchange. In this study using several intellectual capital variables in 61 companies and some Indonesian macro-economic variables are intellectual capital variable, Indonesian bank interest rate, consumer price index, producer price index, exchange rate index, inflation. This paper uses multiple regression data analysis techniques with OLS proposal model, linear difference and log analysis. From the results of studies that have been done can be explained that with the OLS regression model the relationship between several variable intellectual capital with some macroeconomic variables partially and simultaneously significant, as well as the difference. With log linear regression model analysis relationship between several variable intellectual capital with some macro economic variable simultaneously significant and partially between some variable intellectual capital significant and not significant partially with macro economic variable.

Analysis of Relationships and Causality between Consumer Price Index (CPI), the Producer Price Index (PPI) and Purchasing Manager’s Index (PMI) in South Africa

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Francois Meyer ◽  
Thomas Habanabakize
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Price Index ◽  
Econometric Model ◽  
Consumer Price Index ◽  
Economic Research ◽  
Producer Price ◽  
Correction Model ◽  
Producer Price Index ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Short Run

The variables the consumer price index (CPI), the producer price index (PPI) and the purchasing managers’ index (PMI) and play major roles in economic forecasting. The overall objective of this study is to assess the inter-relationships between CPI, PPI and PMI as predicting variables. This study is quantitative in nature and employed an ARDL econometric model, error correction model (ECM) and Granger causality approaches to establish long and short-run relationships. The ARDL method was used due to the fact that the variables had a mix of stationarity at levels I (0) and the first difference I (1). Quarterly datasets were obtained from Statistics South Africa (Stats SA) and the Bureau of Economic Research (BER) for the period 2000 to 2017. Results from the estimations discovered that variables cointegrate in the long-run. Additionally, evidence of short-run relationships has been determined using ECM. Furthermore, causal relationships were also analysed with results indicating that CPI causes PMI and PPI causes PMI. The implication of the research is the confirmation of the importance of relationships between CPI, PPI and PMI, which is especially significant in the short-run and the three index indicators are important macro-economic indicators for changes in overall economic activity on a macro level.

AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE DYNAMIC RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CPI AND PPI: EVIDENCE FROM THE UK, FRANCE AND GERMANY

2018 ◽  
Vol 64 (05) ◽  
pp. 1081-1100
Author(s):  
KAI-YIN WOO ◽  
SHU-KAM LEE ◽  
CHO-YIU JOE NG
Keyword(s):  
Price Index ◽  
Consumer Price Index ◽  
Adjustment Process ◽  
Producer Price ◽  
Threshold Autoregressive ◽  
Dynamic Relationship ◽  
Long Run ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Vector Error Correction Models ◽  
The Cost

This paper examines the dynamic relationship between the consumer price index (CPI) and the producer price index (PPI) in the UK, France and Germany from 1997 to 2013. We employ the momentum-threshold autoregressive (MTAR) cointegration model for empirical analysis. The results show that the CPI and the PPI are cointegrated with bi-directional long-run Granger causality between CPI and PPI, signifying the existence of both demand-pull and the cost-push nature of inflation. The estimates of threshold vector error correction models (TVECMs) indicate asymmetric adjustments to equilibrium, where upward adjustments are statistically significant but downward adjustments are sluggish and insignificant. Moreover, we generate the unconditional half-life estimates as a measure of persistence, which reveal robust evidence of complex non-linearities in the adjustment process. Our overall results provide valuable information for policymakers to formulate inflation-control policies and optimal policy horizons under a non-linear framework.

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