scholarly journals Myxomycete diversity in a humid montane forest on the eastern slopes of the Peruvian Andes

2020 ◽  
Vol 153 (3) ◽  
pp. 390-398
Author(s):  
Italo F. Treviño-Zevallos ◽  
Carlos Lado
Keyword(s):  
Species Turnover ◽  
Species Abundance ◽  
Alpha Diversity ◽  
Abundant Species ◽  
Montane Forest ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Montane Forests ◽  
Peruvian Andes ◽  
Species Richness And Abundance

Background – The humid montane forests on the eastern slopes of the Peruvian Andes are known for their high biodiversity and natural resources. While their incredibly rich plant and animal communities are still in the process of being discovered, the diversity of smaller organisms such as the Myxomycetes are even more scarcely known. In this work, we document the Myxomycete diversity in these montane forests and evaluate species abundance, occurrence by substrates, distribution, and seasonality, thus documenting population status and species ecology.Material and methods – The study was carried out at the Wayqecha Biological Station located in the Cusco region of Peru. Two sampling campaigns took place in late January (wet season) and early May (dry season) of 2018. We performed a species inventory and evaluated alpha diversity, assemblage similarity, and abundance of Myxomycetes within six 100 m2 plots. We documented variations of species richness and abundance between seasons as well as between substrates. Results – We recorded a total of 81 taxa of Myxomycetes. The order Physarales was the most diverse, and the most abundant species were Didymium squamulosum and Diderma deplanatum during the wet and dry season, respectively. The substrate with highest diversity overall was dead leaves. Diversity was similar in both seasons but with a notable species turnover. Conclusion – The humid montane forest on the eastern slopes of the Andes in Peru revealed an unexpected richness in Myxomycetes. Based on our results, we conclude that this type of forest harbours one of the greatest Myxomycetes diversities in the Peruvian territory, also due to the important seasonal species turnover.

scholarly journals Shifts in Diatom Dominance Associated with Seasonal Changes in an Estuarine-Mangrove Phytoplankton Community

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 528
Author(s):  
Fareha Hilaluddin ◽  
Fatimah Md. Yusoff ◽  
Tatsuki Toda
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Skeletonema Costatum ◽  
Sampling Period ◽  
Abundant Species ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Northeast Monsoon ◽  
Diatom Species ◽  
Phytoplankton Abundance ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Total Phytoplankton

A study on seasonal phytoplankton abundance and composition in a mangrove estuary, Matang Mangrove Forest Reserve (MMFR), Malaysia, was carried out to determine the phytoplankton structure in this ecosystem, and to identify potential indicators of environmental changes. Phytoplankton samples were collected bimonthly from June 2010 to April 2011, to cover both dry (June to October) and wet (November to April) seasons, at four selected sampling sites along the river. Diatoms showed the highest number of species (50 species) from a total of 85 phytoplankton species from 76 genera. Diatoms contributed more than 90% of the total phytoplankton abundance during the dry season (southwest monsoon) and less than 70% during the wet season (northeast monsoon) as dinoflagellates became more abundant during the rainy season. Two diatoms were recorded as dominant species throughout the sampling period; Cyclotella sp. and Skeletonema costatum. Cyclotella sp. formed the most abundant species (62% of total phytoplankton) during the dry period characterized by low nutrients and relatively low turbidity. Skeletonema costatum contributed 93% of the total phytoplankton in October, which marked the end of the dry season and the beginning of the wet season, characterized by strong winds and high waves leading to the upwelling of the water column. Massive blooms of Skeletonema costatum occurred during the upwelling when total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) concentrations were highest (p < 0.05) throughout the year. The abundance of diatom species during the wet season was more evenly distributed, with most diatom species contributing less than 12% of the total phytoplankton. Autotrophic producers such as diatoms were limited by high turbidity during the northeast monsoon when the rainfall was high. During the wet season, Cyclotella and Skeletonema costatum only contributed 9% and 5% of the total phytoplankton, respectively, as dinoflagellates had more competitive advantage in turbid waters. This study illustrates that some diatom species such as Cyclotella sp. and Skeletonema costatum could be used as indicators of the environmental changes in marine waters.

Nocturnal Mosquitoes of Pará State in the Brazilian Amazon: Species Composition, Habitat Segregation, and Seasonal Variation

2020 ◽  
Vol 57 (6) ◽  
pp. 1913-1919
Author(s):  
Walter Santos de Araújo ◽  
Thallyta Maria Vieira ◽  
Guilherme Antunes de Souza ◽  
Isaque Clementino Bezerra ◽  
Paulo Henrique Costa Corgosinho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Culex Quinquefasciatus ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Mosquito Species ◽  
Species Abundance ◽  
Abundant Species ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Habitat Segregation ◽  
Vector Species ◽  
High Degree

Abstract Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) are one of the most important disease vector species in the world. Many species have a high degree of anthropophilia and are often found in human habitations. In the present study, we have inventoried the nocturnal mosquito assemblage in intra-, peri-, and extradomicile environments in four municipalities in Pará, Brazil. At each municipality, a residence was selected and the mosquitoes were sampled using the protected human attraction capture and Shannon trap methods in April (rainy season) and August 2018 (dry season). We have collected a total of 696 mosquito specimens belonging to 8 genera and 17 species. The most abundant species were Mansonia (Mansonoides) titillans (Walker) (366/696, 52.6%), Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) albitarsis Lynch-Arribálzaga (97/696, 13.9%), and Culex (Culex) quinquefasciatus Say (93/696, 13.4%). Mosquito richness, abundance, and composition did not differ between intra-, peri-, and extradomicile environments suggesting limited habitat segregation among the different species. However, mosquito species richness and mosquito species abundance were significantly higher during the rainy season than during the dry season, suggesting increased mosquito activity during the rainy season. We detected several important vector species of human diseases including Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti (Linnaeus), Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) darlingi Root, Haemagogus (Conopostegus) leucocelaenus (Dyar and Shannon), Coquillettidia (Coquillettidia) venezuelensis (Theobald), and Culex (Culex) quinquefasciatus which are the main transmitters of dengue, malaria, yellow fever, mayaro, and oropouche fever, respectively. As inventories of disease-carrying mosquitoes in the region are very scarce, mainly in residential environments, our results suggest high potential for mosquito-borne disease transmission in Pará State.

Seasonal variability of evapotranspiration in the central Andes of Peru using eddy covariance techniques and empirical methods

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephany Magaly Callañaupa Gutierrez ◽  
Hans Segura Cajachagua ◽  
Miguel Saavedra ◽  
Jose Flores ◽  
Joan Cuxart ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eddy Covariance ◽  
Sonic Anemometer ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
P Value ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Peruvian Andes ◽  
Energy Limitation ◽  
Relationship Of

&lt;p&gt;In this study, the real evapotranspiration (ET) obtained using the eddy covariance (EC) technique from field crops located in the central Peruvian Andes (Huancayo Observatory, 12.04&amp;#176; S, 75.32&amp;#176;, 3350 msnm) is analyzed. Data from a sonic anemometer and a krypton hygrometer are used to estimate daily and monthly ET variability and to explore relationships with meteorological and surface variables. The results show that the mean value of daily evapotranspiration is estimated to be 3.45 mm/day during the wet season (January to March) while in the dry season (June to August) the value is 0.95 mm/day. In addition, linear regressions were used in order to evaluate the relationship of meteorological variables with evapotranspiration. As a result, solar radiation is the meteorological variable that has a strong relationship with evapotranspiration during the wet season (r2=0.76, p-value &lt;0.005) and soil moisture during the dry season (r2=0.77, p-value &lt;0.005). These results indicate a clear water-energy limitation depending on the season. Besides, the empirical evapotranspiration equations of FAO Penman-Monteith, Priestley-Taylor and Hargreaves were validated. Where the Priestley-Taylor equation is the empirical equation that best fits the observed data of evapotranspiration by EC (r2=0.70, p-value&lt; 0.005).&lt;/p&gt;

Abundance, Zonation and Foraging Ecology of Birds in Mangroves of Darwin Harbour, Northern Territory.

1996 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 443 ◽  
Author(s):  
RA Noske
Keyword(s):  
Foraging Ecology ◽  
Avicennia Marina ◽  
Abundant Species ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Mangrove Forests ◽  
Resident Species ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Mangrove Species ◽  
Significant Seasonal Variation ◽  
Melaleuca Cajuputi

The density, seasonality, habitat utilization and foraging ecology of birds in mangals (mangrove forests) at a site on the upper reaches of Darwin Harbour were investigated by transect censusing and colour-banding over three years. Despite having only 10 species of plants, the site supported 17 confirmed and five probable breeding resident species of birds, and was visited by 30 more. From variable-width transect censuses, the mean density of birds on a 4-ha plot was estimated to be 25 ha-1, fairly consistent with densities obtained from territory mapping of colour-banded birds. Nearly 70% of the individuals belonged to just 4 species: two mangal-dependent species, the red-headed honeyeater (Myzomela erythrocephala) and the yellow white-eye (Zosterops lutea) and two more generalised species, the large-billed gerygone (Gerygone magnirostris) and the brown honeyeater (Lichmera indistincta). Only the red-headed honeyeater showed significant seasonal variation in abundance, with highest numbers during the late dry season after breeding. This coincided with the period of greatest food (nectar) availability in the mangal, due to flowering Bruguiera exaristata. Lowest numbers of the red-headed honeyeater (and the brown honeyeater) occurred in the late wet season when nectar was scarce in the mangal but abundant in Melaleuca cajuputi fringing the mangal. Several resident species held permanent territories, while others apparently shifted landward during the wet season, possibly due to the wetter conditions created by freshwater runoff and high spring tides Many species showed strong associations with particular mangal zones. Large-billed gerygones, grey whistlers (Pachycephala simplex), shining flycatchers (Myiagra alecto) and mangrove fantails (Rhipidura phasiana) were associated with the Rhizophora zone at the wetter (more frequently inundated) end of the plot; mangrove robins (Eopsaltria pulverulenta) and mangrove gerygones (Gerygone laevigaster), were encountered most in the Ceriops zone; and green-backed gerygones (Gerygone chloronata) strongly favoured the dry landward edge. Four foraging guilds were evident among 13 of the most abundant species, the largest of which was the insectivorous foliage-foraging guild. Species in this group partitioned resources by differential selection of mangrove species, heights and foraging techniques. The tiny (6.4 g) mangrove gerygone was the most specialized species, spending 80% of its time on Avicennia marina. Contrary to the literature, breeding of mangal-dwelling birds peaked during the dry season. The ecology, evolution and biogeography of mangrove-endemic birds is reviewed in the light of this study and recent information from Western Australia.

Effects of habitat fragmentation on the diversity of epiphytic orchids from a montane forest of southern Mexico

2014 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ezequiel Hernández-Pérez ◽  
Eloy Solano
Keyword(s):  
Species Turnover ◽  
Alpha Diversity ◽  
Montane Forest ◽  
Core Area ◽  
Edge Density ◽  
Southern Mexico ◽  
Epiphytic Orchids ◽  
Epiphytic Orchid ◽  
Tolerant Species ◽  
Shade Tolerant Species

Abstract:Epiphytic orchids are very diverse in montane forests, but fragmentation modifies this diversity. Twenty fragments were quantified to evaluate the effects of fragmentation on the alpha and beta diversities of epiphytic orchids in a montane forest located in southern Mexico. The following factors were evaluated: area, core area, shape, edge density, Euclidean nearest-neighbour distance fragment and contrast index. In each fragment, two transects of 2 × 50 m were drawn, and the trees with a diameter at breast height ≥ 20 cm were recorded. In each tree, the orchid species present were identified and quantified. Twenty-three species of epiphytic orchid in 234 phorophytes corresponding to 20 species were recorded. The epiphytic orchid richness per tree and species turnover was different between the phorophytes. The edge density and the contrast index had significant effects on the alpha diversity, while the isolation of the fragments significantly affected the beta diversity. The edge density positively affected the alpha diversity of the epiphytic orchids, likely through microclimatic changes caused by fragmentation. Drought-tolerant species were common on the edges of the fragments, and shade-tolerant species established on the core area of the fragments. This pattern most likely depends on the ecological range of the taxa, which is crucial to their development and persistence in fragmented habitats.

Temporal Variation in Species Abundance and Richness of Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in a Tropical Equatorial Area

2019 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 1013-1018
Author(s):  
Gaudino Marco Cantanhede Gusmão ◽  
Gustavo Almeida Brito ◽  
Leandro Santos Moraes ◽  
Maria Da Conceição Abreu Bandeira ◽  
José Manuel Macário Rebêlo
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Light Trap ◽  
Species Abundance ◽  
Abundant Species ◽  
Domestic Animals ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Culicoides Species ◽  
Biting Midges ◽  
Species Richness And Abundance ◽  
Annual Distribution

Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate whether temperature, rainfall, and humidity influence the annual distribution of Culicoides Latreille 1809, species abundance and richness in rural areas on São Luís Island in the state of Maranhão, Brazil. Biting midges were collected in housing for domestic animals in the peridomestic areas of 10 homes. A CDC light trap was installed in each peridomestic area from 6:00 p.m. to 6:00 a.m. once a month for 12 mo. In total, 23,633 individuals belonging to 26 Culicoides species were captured. The most abundant species were Culicoides diabolicus Hoffman, 1925 (27.43%), C. ignacioi Forattini, 1957 (25.9%), C. flavivenulus Costa Lima, 1937 (15.53%), C. insignis Lutz, 1913 (10.66%), C. filariferus Hoffman, 1939 (6.21%), C. boliviensis Spinelli & Wirth, 1984 (6.07%), C. foxi Ortíz, 1950 (2.83%), and C. leopoldoi Ortíz, 1951 (2.54%). Species richness and abundance were greater during the rainy season (24 species; 88% of the individuals) than during the dry season (18 species; 12% of individuals). However, persistent rain on the days the midges were collected or in the preceding 24 h adversely affected abundance. Mean monthly maximum temperature and rainfall on the day of the collection adversely affected Culicoides abundance and richness.

scholarly journals Geomorphology and Altitude Effects on Diversity and Structure of Vanishing Montane Forest of Southern Ecuador

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Omar Cabrera ◽  
Angel Benítez ◽  
Nixon Cumbicus ◽  
Carlos Naranjo ◽  
Pablo Ramón ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Species Diversity ◽  
Species Composition ◽  
Multidimensional Scaling ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Alpha Diversity ◽  
Montane Forest ◽  
Montane Forests ◽  
Southern Ecuador ◽  
Value Diversity

1) Background: Neotropical montane forests represent one of the most diverse ecosystems; however, they are also the most threatened for deforestation. Our main goal is to evaluate the change in Basal Area (BA), Density and Species Composition of montane forests in the southern Ecuador and to determine the influence on some critical ecological and geomorphological factors. 2) Methods: One hundred thirty-two temporary plots of 400 m2 each were installed; we identified and measured all trees&gt; 10 cm DBH. We modeled species diversity (Fisher&rsquo;s alpha) change in relation to climatic, elevational and geomorphological gradients with GLM and Kruskall-Wallis analyses. The change in composition was determined using Cluster Analyses (BIOENV analysis followed by a LINKTREE procedure). Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) was used to analyze changes across climatic and geomorphological gradients. Finally, we used SIMPER analysis to identify the species that contributed most to the dissimilarity among the different elevations. 3) Results: Formation of floristic groups was influenced by altitude, temperature and Isothermality; physiographic province, great landscape, geological landscape and lithology. Plots located in low hills have higher alpha diversity with respect to the high hills and dissected mountains. 4) Conclusions: The elevation is first hierarchical factor responsible of the division of structural and floristic groups. Plots located on the whitish tuff have a higher alpha value diversity compared with plots in andesitic tuffs. Wettest quarter (&gt; 839 mm) and Isothermality (&gt; 90.5) are the climatic factors that driven de floristic divisions.

scholarly journals Peces de la Laguna Cormorán, Parque Nacional Sangay, Ecuador

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (15) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando Anaguano-Yancha
Keyword(s):  
Aquatic Ecosystem ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
Species Abundance ◽  
Abundant Species ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Fish Diversity ◽  
Astyanax Fasciatus ◽  
The Family ◽  
Rhamdia Quelen

AbstractI conducted a fish inventory at the Cormoran Lagoon, in the icthyogeographic area Upano–Zamora, during October 2011 (dry season), February 2012 (transition period), and May 2012 (rainy season). Fish were sampled using four trammels (20 m length, 1.5 m height), 40 fishing lines, and a hand net. A total of 599 individuals of 16 species and six families were captured. The order Characiformes was the most abundant and diverse, and Lebiasina elongata (Lebiasinidae) and Astyanax fasciatus (Characidae) were the most abundant species. Species abundance gradually decreased as the rainy season arrived. Elevational ranges of the genus Chaetostoma (Chaetostoma microps) and of the family Heptapteridae (Rhamdia quelen) are increased to 1783 m in Ecuador. Fish diversity at Cormoran Lagoon still needs more studies. It is necessary to carry out taxonomic, ecological, and biogeographic studies that contribute to the knowledge of fish diversity in this tropical aquatic ecosystem. It is posible that some species are endemic, specially in the genera Astroblepus and Bryconamericus.  ResumenSe realizó un inventario de peces en la laguna Cormorán, en la zona ictiogeográfica Upano–Zamora, durante octubre 2011 (época de seca), febrero 2012 (época de transición) y mayo 2012 (época de lluvias). Los peces fueron muestreados usando cuatro trasmallos (20 m de largo, 1,5 m de alto), 40 anzuelos y una red de mano. Un total de 599 individuos de 16 especies y seis familias fueron capturados. El orden Characiformes fue el más abundante y diverso, y Lebiasina elongara (Lebiasinidae) y Astyanax fasciatus (Characidae) fueron las especies más abundantes. La abundancia de especies disminuyó paulatinamente conforme llegaba la época de lluvias. Se extienden los rangos altitudinales del género Chaetostoma (Chaetostoma microps) y de la familia Heptapteridae (Rhamdia quelen) hasta 1783 m en Ecuador. La ictiofauna de la laguna Cormorán todavía necesita mayores de estudios. Es necesario realizar estudios taxómicos, ecológicos y biogeográficos que contribuyan al conocimiento de la diversidad de peces de este ecosistema acuático tropical. Es posible que algunas especies encontradas en este estudio sean endémicas, especialmente en los géneros Astroblepus y Bryconamericus. 

scholarly journals Drivers of atmospheric methane uptake by montane forest soils in the southern Peruvian Andes

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. P. Jones ◽  
T. Diem ◽  
L. P. Huaraca Quispe ◽  
A. J. Cahuana ◽  
D. S. Reay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pore Space ◽  
High Elevation ◽  
Montane Forest ◽  
Atmospheric Methane ◽  
Tropical Andes ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Montane Forests ◽  
Ch4 Flux ◽  
Soil Atmosphere ◽  
Water Filled Pore Space

Abstract. The soils of tropical montane forests can act as sources or sinks of atmospheric methane (CH4). Understanding this activity is important in regional atmospheric CH4 budgets, given that these ecosystems account for substantial portions of the landscape in mountainous areas like the Andes. Here we investigate the drivers of CH4 fluxes from premontane, lower and upper montane forests, experiencing a seasonal climate, in southeastern Peru. Between February 2011 and June 2013, these soils all functioned as net sinks for atmospheric CH4. Mean (standard error) net CH4 fluxes for the dry and wet season were −1.6 (0.1) and −1.1 (0.1) mg CH4 – C m−2 d−1 in the upper montane forest; −1.1 (0.1) and −1.0 (0.1) mg CH4 – C m−2 d−1 in the lower montane forest; and −0.2 (0.1) and −0.1 (0.1) mg CH4 – C m−2 d−1 in the premontane forest. Variations among forest types were best explained by available nitrate and water-filled pore space, indicating that nitrate inhibition of oxidation or diffusional constraints imposed by changes in water-filled pore space on methanotrophic communities represent important controls on soil-atmosphere CH4 exchange. Seasonality in CH4 exchange varied among forests with an increase in wet season net CH4 flux only apparent in the upper montane forest. Net CH4 flux was inversely related to elevation; a pattern that differs to that observed in Ecuador, the only other extant study site of soil-atmosphere CH4 exchange in the tropical Andes. This may result from differences in rainfall patterns between the regions, suggesting that attention should be paid to the role of rainfall and soil moisture dynamics in modulating CH4 uptake by the organic-rich soils typical of high elevation tropical forests.

scholarly journals Drivers of atmospheric methane uptake by montane forest soils in the southern Peruvian Andes

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (14) ◽  
pp. 4151-4165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sam P. Jones ◽  
Torsten Diem ◽  
Lidia P. Huaraca Quispe ◽  
Adan J. Cahuana ◽  
Dave S. Reay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pore Space ◽  
High Elevation ◽  
Montane Forest ◽  
Atmospheric Methane ◽  
Tropical Andes ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Montane Forests ◽  
Soil Atmosphere ◽  
Water Filled Pore Space ◽  
Ch4 Uptake

Abstract. The soils of tropical montane forests can act as sources or sinks of atmospheric methane (CH4). Understanding this activity is important in regional atmospheric CH4 budgets given that these ecosystems account for substantial portions of the landscape in mountainous areas like the Andes. We investigated the drivers of net CH4 fluxes from premontane, lower and upper montane forests, experiencing a seasonal climate, in south-eastern Peru. Between February 2011 and June 2013, these soils all functioned as net sinks for atmospheric CH4. Mean (standard error) net CH4 fluxes for the dry and wet season were −1.6 (0.1) and −1.1 (0.1) mg CH4-C m−2 d−1 in the upper montane forest, −1.1 (0.1) and −1.0 (0.1) mg CH4-C m−2 d−1 in the lower montane forest, and −0.2 (0.1) and −0.1 (0.1) mg CH4-C m−2 d−1 in the premontane forest. Seasonality in CH4 exchange varied among forest types with increased dry season CH4 uptake only apparent in the upper montane forest. Variation across these forests was best explained by available nitrate and water-filled pore space indicating that nitrate inhibition of oxidation or diffusional constraints imposed by changes in water-filled pore space on methanotrophic communities may represent important controls on soil–atmosphere CH4 exchange. Net CH4 flux was inversely related to elevation; a pattern that differs to that observed in Ecuador, the only other extant study site of soil–atmosphere CH4 exchange in the tropical Andes. This may result from differences in rainfall patterns between the regions, suggesting that attention should be paid to the role of rainfall and soil moisture dynamics in modulating CH4 uptake by the organic-rich soils typical of high-elevation tropical forests.

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