Onderwijsexpansie en onderwijs als positioneel goed

2011 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Thijs Bol
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Labor Market ◽  
Multilevel Models ◽  
Educational Expansion ◽  
Market Outcomes ◽  
Social Survey ◽  
Relative Measure ◽  
Human Capital Model ◽  
Absolute Measure ◽  
Positional Good

Educational expansion and education as a positional good Educational expansion and education as a positional good In the 20th century in all Western countries the participation in education increased tremendously. Most research on educational expansion focuses on changes in the strength of the education effect on labor market outcomes. An important question remains: has educational expansion impacted the reason why education gets rewarded in the labor market? Modernization theory argues that with educational expansion the human capital model of education becomes a better explanation. Displacement theory, on the other hand, argues that educational expansion led to a displacement of lower educated from the labor market, and consequently a bigger importance of the positional good model. With data from the International Social Survey Program (ISSP) from 1985 to 2008, for 30 countries cohorts of respondents who graduated between 1951 and 2003 are created. In this cohortdesign the effects of an absolute measure of education (according to the human capital model) and a relative measure of education (according to the positional good model) on income are estimated in multilevel models. While the effect of the absolute measure remains stable, the effect size of the relative measure increases. In times of educational expansion, education becomes more and more a positional good.

scholarly journals Different Patterns of Labor Market Integration by Migration Motivation in Europe: The Role of Host Country Human Capital

2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wouter Zwysen
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Labor Market ◽  
Host Country ◽  
Market Integration ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Occupational Status ◽  
Substantial Part ◽  
Market Outcomes ◽  
Labor Market Integration

We study whether the acquisition of host country human capital, such as obtaining equivalent qualifications, good language skills, or naturalization, explains differences in labor market integration between migrants depending on their initial motivation. We use cross-national European data from the 2008 ad hoc module of the Labour Force Survey to analyze migrant gaps in labor market participation, employment, occupational status, and precarious employment. We find that different rates of and returns to host country human capital explain a substantial part of the improvements in labor market outcomes with years of residence, particularly for noneconomic migrants who experience faster growth on average.

scholarly journals Mental Health, Human Capital and Labor Market Outcomes

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher J. Cronin ◽  
Matthew Forsstrom ◽  
Nicholas W. Papageorge
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Human Capital ◽  
Labor Market ◽  
Labor Market Outcomes ◽  
Market Outcomes

scholarly journals Immigrant Men’s Economic Adaptation in Changing Labor Markets: Why Gaps between Turkish and German Men Expanded, 1976–2015

2021 ◽  
pp. 019791832110299
Author(s):  
Jonas Wiedner ◽  
Johannes Giesecke
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Economic Integration ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Analytical Framework ◽  
Educational Expansion ◽  
Host Countries ◽  
Market Outcomes ◽  
Turkish Immigrants ◽  
Income Distributions ◽  
Labor Market Success

How important were manufacturing and heavy industries to the economic integration of twentieth-century immigrants in Western societies? This article examines how macro-social change in Germany since the height of manufacturing has affected the socio-economic integration of male immigrants. We develop an analytical framework to assess how educational expansion among natives, deindustrialization, and the increasing importance of formal qualifications shape male immigrant-native gaps in labor-market outcomes over time. Empirically, we focus on first-generation male Turkish immigrants in Germany and use micro-census data spanning almost 40 years. Through a novel empirical quantification of key theoretical arguments concerning immigrant economic integration, we find growing inter-group differences between the late 1970s and mid-2000s (employment) and mid-2010s (incomes), respectively. The growth of differences between the immigrant and native income distributions was most pronounced in their respective bottom halves. Our analysis shows that these trends are linked to the increased importance of formal educational qualifications for individual labor-market success, to educational expansion in Germany, and to deindustrialization. Employment in Germany shifted away from middling positions in manufacturing, but while natives tended to move into better-paying positions, Turkish immigrants mainly shifted into disadvantaged service jobs. These results provide novel evidence for claims that the economic assimilation of less-skilled immigrants may become structurally harder in increasingly post-industrial societies. We conclude that structural change in host countries is an important, yet often overlooked, driver of immigrant socio-economic integration trajectories.

scholarly journals EFFICIENT SUPPLY OF HUMAN CAPITAL: ROLE OF COLLEGE MAJOR

2018 ◽  
Vol 63 (05) ◽  
pp. 1319-1343 ◽  
Author(s):  
SUNGJIN CHO ◽  
JIHYE KAM ◽  
SOOHYUNG LEE
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Labor Market ◽  
Policy Change ◽  
Engineering Majors ◽  
Market Outcomes ◽  
College Majors ◽  
South Korean ◽  
Working Age ◽  
The Impact

This study examines the extent to which changing the composition of college majors among working-age population may affect the supply of human capital or effective labor supply. We use the South Korean setting, in which the population is rapidly aging, but where, despite their high educational attainment, women and young adults are still weakly attached to the labor market. We find that engineering majors have an advantage in various outcomes such as likelihood of being in the labor force, being employed, obtaining long-term position, and earnings, while Humanities and Arts/Athletics majors show the worst outcomes. We then conduct a back-of-the-envelope calculation of the impact of the recently proposed policy change to increase the share of engineering majors by 10% starting in 2017. Our calculation suggests that the policy change may have a positive but small impact on labor market outcomes.

scholarly journals Discrimination in the Credential Society: An Audit Study of Race and College Selectivity in the Labor Market

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Michael Gaddis
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Labor Market ◽  
Racial Differences ◽  
Job Search ◽  
Racial Inequality ◽  
Bachelor's Degree ◽  
Market Outcomes ◽  
College Selectivity ◽  
Black Candidates ◽  
Selective Universities

Racial inequality in economic outcomes, particularly among the college-educated, persists throughout U.S. society. Scholars debate whether this inequality stems from racial differences in human capital (e.g. college selectivity, GPA, college major) or employer discrimination against black job candidates. However, limited measures of human capital and the inherent difficulties in measuring discrimination using observational data make determining the cause of racial differences in labor market outcomes a difficult endeavor. In this research, I examine employment opportunities for white and black graduates of elite top-ranked universities versus high-ranked but less selective institutions. Using an audit design, I create matched candidate pairs and apply for 1,008 jobs on a national job search website. I also exploit existing birth record data in selecting names to control for differences across social class within racialized names. The results show that although a credential from an elite university results in more employer responses for all candidates, black candidates from elite universities only do as well as white candidates from less selective universities. Moreover, race results in a double penalty: when employers respond to black candidates it is for jobs with lower starting salaries and lower prestige than those of white peers. These racial differences suggest that a bachelor’s degree, even one from an elite institution, cannot fully counteract the importance of race in the labor market. Thus, both discrimination and differences in human capital contribute to racial economic inequality.

scholarly journals Ethnic Enclaves, Economic and Political Threat: An Investigation With the European Social Survey

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neli Demireva ◽  
Wouter Zwysen
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
European Social Survey ◽  
Ethnic Composition ◽  
Ethnic Enclaves ◽  
Far Right ◽  
Market Outcomes ◽  
Social Survey ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Impact

This article examines the labor market outcomes and political preferences of majority, minority, or migrant individuals who report that they live in an ethnic enclave—a neighborhood with few majority residents. Politicians often proclaim that ethnic enclaves are problematic, but there is little rigorous examination of these claims. The ethnic composition of a local residential area can affect its inhabitants negatively by increasing conflict and competition (real or perceived) between groups. Majority members may feel their economic and political power questioned and think that the resources to which they are entitled have been usurped by newcomers. Migrants and minorities can be negatively impacted by isolation from the mainstream society, and their integration attempts can be hindered in ethnically concentrated local areas. Using data from the 2002 and 2014 waves of the European Social Survey, enriched with contextual data, we examine the impact of ethnic enclaves accounting for selection and compositional differences. We do not find evidence that minority concentrated areas impact negatively upon the economic outcomes of majority members, not even of those in precarious positions. We do however find that residence in enclaves is associated with greater propensity to vote for the far right and dissatisfaction with democracy for the majority group. Furthermore, there is an economic enclave penalty associated with the labor market insertion of migrants and the job quality of the second generation, and ethnic enclaves also increase the dissatisfaction with democracy among the second generation. We discuss our findings in light of the threat and contact literature.

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