National and Ethnic Enclaves in the Modern World: Nature, Regulatory Instruments (Public Law Aspect). Part 2

As part of the study, the author has carried out the analysis of the problems of the risks of emergence of enclaves and defined the immanent threats, including enclavization (the phenomenon of “proto-enclave”) of the territories of some of the largest Russian urban agglomerations. The paper explores actual public law approaches to preventing the formation of national-ethnic enclaves in the Russian Federation (at national and regional levels of legal regulation) and suggests proposals for optimizing relevant approaches. The author substantiates the necessity of developing a comprehensive federal strategy of a framework nature covering the issues of spatial development, economy, social sphere, migration, demography, interethnic, interfaith, cultural policy. In order to implement a dispersed method of national-ethnic groups resettlement, based on the study of the experience of Sweden and Denmark, a position is argued about the rationality of expanding the scope of powers of local governments in the field of registration of migrants, normative fixation of the possibility of migrants living within specific municipalities (several specific municipalities). The author proposes to create unified centers for the distribution (location) of migrants, authorized to issue referrals to work in specific municipalities, taking into account their requests (needs) for a given workforce and reasons for the impossibility of attracting citizens of the Russian Federation living within specific municipalities to the relevant vacancies. Attention is drawn to the need to develop an integrated information resource on vacancies for migrants and on housing options available to them. The author emphasizes the importance of raising the qualification (competence) requirements for the profession and education of migrants, their relationship with integration of migrants into the host community, minimizing the risks of radicalization of the socio-cultural environment of migrant groups.

Frontiers of Soviet Resettlements: Cultural Borders and Cross-Cultural Interaction between Russians and Chuvashes in the South Part of Kama Region in the 1920-1930s

The article is devoted to the analysis of ethno-social resettlement campaigns of the USSR of the second half of the 1920s. The implementation of these practices in the Volga Region led to major migrations and the formation of ethnic enclaves on the territory of Urals and Siberia. Basing on various sources and field materials, the article describes the situation in the Southern Prikamye after several thousand of the Chuvash people migrated to the places inhabited by Russian Old Believers. The sources allow to reconstruct complex processes of ethno-cultural interaction that formed new specific complexes of spiritual and material culture of the Chuvash people of Prikamye. The authors noted that the resettlement in the 1920s took place in the conditions of the destruction of the traditional life characteristics in the whole country, a change in ideological attitudes, a significant transformation of ethnocultural complexes. Under the conditions of migration, these factors contributed to a more intensive course of assimilation processes. At the same time, a significant number of Chuvash migrants encamped in one area at a distance from large settlements, as well as preservation of the rural character of the outposts contributed to the functioning of institutions for keeping the traditional way of legacy transmission.

National and Ethnic Enclaves in the Modern World: Nature, Regulatory Instruments (Public Law Aspect). Part 1

National and ethnic enclaves constitute one of the forms of "parallel spaces" materialization (In the entire palette of inherent properties) and, therefore, it is legitimate to qualify them as a unique practice of refraction of the concept of multiculturalism. Historical experience has shown that the presumption of mutual desire for integration based on the recognition of the concept of multiculturalism as a guiding principle of relations (primarily in relation to European states and migrant groups within their borders) did not justify itself due to insufficient consideration of the entire scope of influencing factors (risks). On this basis, the author emphasizes the importance of applying an approach the structure of which includes differentiated complex methodological formulas (political and legal, socio-economic, national-cultural) that encourage harmonization of "foreign" authentic cultures (including religious practices, behavioural patterns in the framework of social environments) with a dominant and historically determined culture of the host community with the recognition of the primacy of its culture (including a heterogeneous nature).Enclaves are viewed as a spatial-geographical and socio-institutional phenomenon. The spatial and geographical component reflects the infrastructure landscape of the enclave, including the inherent economic, production, and environmental features in certain geographical coordinates (at the location). A socio-institutional variable characterizes a community that has appeared and functions by virtue of and within certain groups of co-identity parameters (national, religious, linguistic, legal (usually legal), etc.), emphasizes its inherent connections (internal and external). Under national-ethnic enclaves it is proposed to understand separate quasi-territorial formations, where, due to objectively forced conditions, national minorities (mainly migrant groups) live compactly (permanently or temporarily), adhering to an authentic way of life that differs from the generally accepted way (mainstream) in the host society. The paper highlights the characteristic imperative and optional features of enclaves, emphasizes the heterogeneous configuration of the social structure of enclaves, investigates the reasons for the formation and functions of ethno-national enclaves, identifies the similarities and differences between enclaves and ghettos and ethno-burbes.

Springboard, not roadblock: Discourse analysis of Facebook groups suggests that ethnic neighbourhoods in European cities might jump-start immigrants’ integration

The age of migration finds its physical manifestation in the immigrant neighbourhoods of European cities. These ‘ethnic enclaves’ have received much attention from the public, as well as policy makers. Conventional wisdom holds that policies are required to confront such concentrations. Several European countries have implemented measures to achieve a spatial balance – be it through settlement bans or allocation quotas – in the name of fostering immigrants’ integration. However, the scholarly verdict on the relationship between segregation and integration is still pending. This article aims to contribute a novel approach, namely discourse analysis of immigrants’ Facebook groups. To this end, it first establishes the level of segregation in six cities (three in Germany and three in England) using data held by municipal archives. Second, it scrutinises 119 Facebook groups of Pakistanis and Turks in these cities, with a total of 2665 posts. This exploratory analysis suggests that desegregation might be causative for downwards assimilation and transnationalism, whereas ethnic enclaves might provide the basis for a pluralist mode of integration. Therefore, it argues for a re-evaluation of the suitability of dispersal policies for shaping the transformation of ever more European cities into multi-ethnic metropolises.

Place Attachment and Alienation from Place: Cultural Displacement in Gentrifying Ethnic Enclaves

Commercial gentrification often accompanies residential gentrification. Both processes contribute to the real or perceived threat of displacement for longtime residents of ethnic enclaves experiencing gentrification. Cultural displacement is a related concern among residents who may experience a declining sense of ownership, control, or belonging as newer residents and commercial establishments move into their communities. Yet, other longtime residents experience an increased sense of safety as their neighborhoods gentrify and they may appreciate the new amenities gentrification brings. I highlight the symbolic significance of local businesses in gentrifying neighborhoods and identify two different patterns of longtime residents experiencing their communities as something alien to them—a phenomenon I call alienation from place. Alienation from place may be a product of social and cultural displacement or may be alleviated by changes to a neighborhood accompanying gentrification processes, a posteriori alienation from place and a priori alienation from place, respectively.

Ethnic Enclaves, Economic and Political Threat: An Investigation With the European Social Survey

This article examines the labor market outcomes and political preferences of majority, minority, or migrant individuals who report that they live in an ethnic enclave—a neighborhood with few majority residents. Politicians often proclaim that ethnic enclaves are problematic, but there is little rigorous examination of these claims. The ethnic composition of a local residential area can affect its inhabitants negatively by increasing conflict and competition (real or perceived) between groups. Majority members may feel their economic and political power questioned and think that the resources to which they are entitled have been usurped by newcomers. Migrants and minorities can be negatively impacted by isolation from the mainstream society, and their integration attempts can be hindered in ethnically concentrated local areas. Using data from the 2002 and 2014 waves of the European Social Survey, enriched with contextual data, we examine the impact of ethnic enclaves accounting for selection and compositional differences. We do not find evidence that minority concentrated areas impact negatively upon the economic outcomes of majority members, not even of those in precarious positions. We do however find that residence in enclaves is associated with greater propensity to vote for the far right and dissatisfaction with democracy for the majority group. Furthermore, there is an economic enclave penalty associated with the labor market insertion of migrants and the job quality of the second generation, and ethnic enclaves also increase the dissatisfaction with democracy among the second generation. We discuss our findings in light of the threat and contact literature.

Demographic changes and formation of ethnic enclaves

Statistics show that South Asian and Chinese ethnic enclaves had residential mobility rates of 54.5 percent and 46.5 percent respectively during 2001-2006 against the average 44.9 percent for the Toronto CMA. This paper explores the implications of higher proportion of movement of Asian population in some selected ethnic neighbourhoods in Toronto. Why ethnics move into ethnic enclaves; why they move out from ethnic enclaves; and what are the implications of such movement on municipal planning are some of the questions explored in this study. This paper also discusses some of the emerging themes such as increasing trend of concentration of Asian population, displacement of one ethnic population by other ethnic population; and a possible disconnection between the neighbourhood demography, services and the municipal planning, which may require further investigation.

Demographic changes and formation of ethnic enclaves

Statistics show that South Asian and Chinese ethnic enclaves had residential mobility rates of 54.5 percent and 46.5 percent respectively during 2001-2006 against the average 44.9 percent for the Toronto CMA. This paper explores the implications of higher proportion of movement of Asian population in some selected ethnic neighbourhoods in Toronto. Why ethnics move into ethnic enclaves; why they move out from ethnic enclaves; and what are the implications of such movement on municipal planning are some of the questions explored in this study. This paper also discusses some of the emerging themes such as increasing trend of concentration of Asian population, displacement of one ethnic population by other ethnic population; and a possible disconnection between the neighbourhood demography, services and the municipal planning, which may require further investigation.