scholarly journals Voltage Spike Failure of Building Wire Insulation as Fire Cause

1991 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert W. Armstrong
Keyword(s):  
Failure Mechanism ◽  
Technical Information ◽  
Electrical Systems ◽  
Mode Of Failure ◽  
Voltage Spike ◽  
Fire Cause ◽  
Wire Insulation

The role of the forensic engineer is to interpret technical information within his/her area of expertise and present interpretations and conclusions to the client, to opposing counsel, and, if necessary, to the court. The ultimate goal is discovery of the true cause of the event which prompted the litigation. This paper presents an analysis of one mode of failure of building wire insulation found in residential, commercial and industrial electrical systems. Also presented are sources of documentation related to this failure mechanism.

On the role of tin underlays for the prevention of thermal grooving in thin gold films

1986 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 732-733
Author(s):  
Jin Young Kim ◽  
R. E. Hummel ◽  
R. T. DeHoff
Keyword(s):  
Thin Film ◽  
Free Surface ◽  
Grain Boundary ◽  
Beneficial Effect ◽  
Failure Mechanism ◽  
Failure Mechanisms ◽  
Distinct Advantage ◽  
Gold Films ◽  
Gold Thin Film

Gold thin film metallizations in microelectronic circuits have a distinct advantage over those consisting of aluminum because they are less susceptible to electromigration. When electromigration is no longer the principal failure mechanism, other failure mechanisms caused by d.c. stressing might become important. In gold thin-film metallizations, grain boundary grooving is the principal failure mechanism.Previous studies have shown that grain boundary grooving in gold films can be prevented by an indium underlay between the substrate and gold. The beneficial effect of the In/Au composite film is mainly due to roughening of the surface of the gold films, redistribution of indium on the gold films and formation of In2O3 on the free surface and along the grain boundaries of the gold films during air annealing.

Inside the Enemy's Computer

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clement Guitton
Keyword(s):  
National Security ◽  
Technical Problem ◽  
Technical Information ◽  
Cyber Attack ◽  
Criminal Cases ◽  
Private Companies ◽  
Political Issues ◽  
Current Thinking ◽  
Standards Of Evidence

Attribution — tracing those responsible for a cyber attack — is of primary importance when classifying it as a criminal act, an act of war, or an act of terrorism. Three assumptions dominate current thinking: attribution is a technical problem; it is unsolvable; and it is unique. Approaching attribution as a problem forces us to consider it either as solved or unsolved. Yet attribution is far more nuanced, and is best approached as a process in constant flux, driven by judicial and political pressures. In the criminal context, courts must assess the guilt of criminals, mainly based on technical evidence. In the national security context, decision-makers must analyze unreliable and mainly non-technical information in order to identify an enemy of the state. Attribution in both contexts is political: in criminal cases, laws reflect society’s prevailing norms and powers; in national security cases, attribution reflects a state’s will to maintain, increase or assert its power. However, both processes differ on many levels. The constraints, which reflect common aspects of many other political issues, constitute the structure of the book: the need for judgment calls, the role of private companies, the standards of evidence, the role of time, and the plausible deniability of attacks.

Technological Innovations and Intervention Practices for Children With Cochlear Implants

2002 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 218-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
David J. Ertmer
Keyword(s):  
Cochlear Implants ◽  
Technical Information ◽  
School Personnel ◽  
Oral Communication ◽  
Parent Child Interactions ◽  
Making Choices ◽  
Regular Classrooms ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Communication Modalities

This clinical forum has addressed many of the challenges associated with serving children who have cochlear implants. These include determining who may be a candidate for implantation; optimizing parent-child interactions for oral communication; developing comprehensive preschool programs; assessing and maximizing opportunities to communicate and learn in regular classrooms; making choices in communication modalities; providing effective intervention; and serving as a liaison for parents, school personnel, and medical professionals. In response to these challenges, the forum has provided the technical information needed to understand how a cochlear implant works, important research findings regarding choices in communication modalities, and ideas for assessing and serving children with implants. This information can provide speech, language, and hearing professionals with a base for developing their skills in the role of "local experts" for children who have cochlear implants. Filling this role also requires continuing education to keep up with innovations in technology and advancements in clinical practice. It is hoped that this forum has provided an impetus for further learning in a rapidly emerging and fascinating area of our profession.

scholarly journals Civil society participation in the Scottish marine planning process and the role of Environmental Non-Governmental Organisations

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esther Brooker ◽  
Charlotte Rachael Hopkins ◽  
Emilie Devenport ◽  
Lucy Greenhill ◽  
Calum Duncan
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
Public Participation ◽  
Planning Process ◽  
Technical Information ◽  
Public Representation ◽  
Management And Development ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
Planning Processes ◽  
Marine Planning

Sustainable development principles are based on the fundamental recognition of humans as an integral part of the ecosystem. Participation of civil society should therefore be central to marine planning processes and enabling ecosystem-based management, and development of mechanisms for effective participation is critical. To date, little attention has been given to the role of Environmental Non-Governmental Organisations (ENGOs) in public participation. In this paper, the results of two workshops, which involved various stakeholders and addressed public participation in marine planning, are reported and discussed in the context of the Scottish marine planning process. ENGOs’ role in communicating complex policies, representing members’ interests and contributing towards participatory governance in marine planning is highlighted. Innovative outreach methods are still required by decision-makers to translate technical information, integrate local knowledge, improve public representation and conserve resources. This could include collaboration with ENGOs to help promote public participation in decision-making processes.

Improving Judge & Jury Evaluation of Scientific Evidence

Daedalus ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 147 (4) ◽  
pp. 164-180
Author(s):  
Valerie P. Hans ◽  
Michael J. Saks
Keyword(s):  
Expert Testimony ◽  
Expert Witness ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Technical Information ◽  
Educational Interventions ◽  
Expert Evidence

The role of the expert witness in trials is a paradox. Judges and jurors need help with matters beyond their understanding, and judges are expected to act as gatekeepers to ensure that jurors are not fooled by misleading expert testimony. Yet, as gatekeepers, judges might not effectively distinguish sound from unsound expert testimony. As factfinders, judges and jurors both might have difficulty comprehending expert evidence, intelligently resolving conflicts between experts, and applying the scientific and technological evidence they hear to the larger dispute before them. This essay explores those problems and a variety of possible solutions, ranging from more effective ways parties might present technical information at trial, to educational interventions supervised by the court, to making juries more effective in performing their task, to more controversial measures, such as replacing conventional juries with special juries and replacing generalist judges with expert judges.

Numerical analysis of the deep soil failure mechanism for perimeter pile groups

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-26
Author(s):  
M. Watford ◽  
J. Templeman ◽  
Z. Orazalin ◽  
H. Zhou ◽  
A. Franza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Failure Mechanism ◽  
Pile Groups ◽  
Deep Soil ◽  
Pile Spacing ◽  
Lateral Capacity ◽  
Soil Failure ◽  
Dimensional Finite Element ◽  
Group Configuration

In this paper, the lateral limiting pressure offered by the deep ‘flow-around’ soil failure mechanism for perimeter (ring) pile groups in undrained soil is explored using two−dimensional finite element modelling. A parametric study investigates the role of group configuration, pile−soil adhesion, group size, pile spacing and load direction on group capacity and corresponding soil failure mechanisms. The finite element output show that the plan group configuration (square or circular) has a negligible influence on lateral capacity for closely spaced perimeter pile groups. When compared to ‘full’ square pile groups with the same number of piles, the present results suggest that for practical pile spacing (≳ two pile diameters), perimeter groups do not necessarily increase capacity efficiency, particularly if the piles are smooth. Nevertheless, perimeter groups are shown to be characterized by both the invariance of their capacity to the direction of loading and their highly uniform load-sharing between piles, which are beneficial features to optimize design.

Management Systems of User Interfaces Functionalities in Latin

2011 ◽  
pp. 196-214
Author(s):  
Elsa Barber ◽  
Silvia Pisano ◽  
Sandra Romagnoli ◽  
Verónica Parsiale ◽  
Gabriela de Pedro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
User Interfaces ◽  
Technical Information ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
Quantitative Methodology ◽  
Data Collection Tool ◽  
Search Queries ◽  
National Libraries

Taking into account the fundamental role of online public access catalogs in the dissemination of scientific and technical information, it was considered relevant to look into the situation of user interfaces of OPACs Web of university, special, public and national libraries in Latin America. A quantitative methodology has been adopted and a checklist of system functions (Hildreth, 1982) updated was used as data collection tool. A sample of 846 OPACs was obtained from predefined search queries and classified according to type of software, type of library and country. A subset of 374 units was selected of those whose system presented a frequency of appearance = 10. The percentage of presence of functionalities in each area was calculated and functionalities were compared according to type of software by test of independence. It was then possible to typify the interfaces of the analyzed OPACs according to the selected types of software and in relation to their category.

scholarly journals The Effect of Transcrystallinity on the Interface of Green Flax/Polypropylene Composite Materials

2001 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 096369350101000 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. E. Zafeiropoulos ◽  
C. A. Baillie ◽  
F. L. Matthews
Keyword(s):  
Composite Material ◽  
Composite Materials ◽  
Interfacial Strength ◽  
Anisotropic Layer ◽  
Polypropylene Composite ◽  
Flax Fibres ◽  
Fragmentation Test ◽  
Thermoplastic Matrix ◽  
Mode Of Failure

In recent years there has been an increasing interest in using natural fibres as potential reinforcements for polymers. The introduction of fibres such as flax in a semicrystalline thermoplastic matrix such as iPP (isotactic polypropylene) has been shown to lead to the development of transcrystallinity. The presence of an anisotropic layer such as transcrystallinity in the composite material may in turn have a profound effect on the mechanical behaviour of the interface. In this study the role of transcrystallinity has been investigated in green flax (that is flax as received direct from the crops)/iPP by means of the fragmentation test. The results are discussed in terms of previously reported results for treated flax fibres (dew retted)/iPP. Transcrystallinity leads to a stronger interface in green flax/iPP, and its thickness affects the interfacial strength, with thinner transcrystalline layers giving a stronger interface. An examination of the mode of failure at the interface after the fragmentation test also supports the conclusion that the transcrystalline interface is stronger than the spherulitic interface in green flax/iPP composites.

Technical Publications and the User

1965 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 363-363 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald D. Eames ◽  
Jack Starr
Keyword(s):  
Technical Writing ◽  
System Development ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Technical Information ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
Different Populations ◽  
Hardware Costs ◽  
New Criteria ◽  
And Training

The low cost of technical publications relative to hardware costs is asserted to be no reason for minimizing the important role of publications in equipment functioning and system performance. The mechanistic orientation in psychology and elsewhere is challenged and reasons are given for added human factors contributions to make technical information more usable. Studies are cited which reveal numerous inadequacies in technical handbooks at the point of use. Conventional studies of technical message variables are suggested to be of only slight relevance to military publications design due to different populations, environments, and conditions of stress. A concept of technical handbooks as devices to control behavior is explained. The need is put forth for a more empirical rather than subjective orientation to technical writing. Recommendations include a proposal for investigation of “user-designed” handbooks, integration of publications development within system development, and study to determine new criteria for effective writing and for the selection and training of writers.

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