Reactions to homosexual, transgender, and heterosexual public displays of affection

At least two factors may influence reactions to public displays of affection (PDA): personal level of comfort with PDA and attitudes toward sexual minorities. In three studies, we measured participants’ reactions to videotaped heterosexual, homosexual, and transgender PDA. A measure was created to evaluate comfort with PDA. Across all studies, we found that comfort with PDA predicted participant reactions toward PDA. We also found that participants were generally comfortable with viewing all PDA scenarios, but participants were most comfortable viewing heterosexual PDA and least comfortable viewing transgender PDA. Finally, we found that multiple measures of homophobic attitudes predicted reactions to PDA featuring sexual minorities.

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Delusion

10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199579563.013.0042 ◽

2013 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Martin Davies ◽

Andy Egan

Keyword(s):

Information Processing ◽

Cognitive Approach ◽

Explanatory Framework ◽

Two Factors ◽

Personal Level ◽

Cognitive Approaches

Cognitive approaches contribute to our understanding of delusions by providing an explanatory framework that extends beyond the personal level to the sub personal level of information-processing systems. According to one influential cognitive approach, two factors are required to account for the content of a delusion, its initial adoption as a belief, and its persistence. This chapter reviews Bayesian developments of the two-factor framework.

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Freedom of Religion, Religiosity, and GDP per Capital

Journal of International Business Research and Marketing ◽

10.18775/jibrm.1849-8558.2015.15.3001 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 1 (5) ◽

pp. 7-11

Author(s):

Gregory Chase

Keyword(s):

Natural Resources ◽

Religious Freedom ◽

Civil Liberties ◽

Gdp Per Capita ◽

Political Rights ◽

Multiple Measures ◽

Strong Positive Relationship ◽

Additional Control ◽

Two Factors ◽

Per Capita

Past studies have found a link between the level of religious freedom or religiosity in a nation and GDP per capita. These s0074udies have found GDP per capita is higher in nations with higher levels of religious freedom or that countries with increasing levels of GDP per capita have increasing levels of religious freedom. Studies of religiosity are consistent in that countries with higher levels of religiosity have lower levels of GDP per capita. This study expands on these previous studies by combining these two factors using multiple measures of religious freedom and religiosity. Countries that have more religious freedom suggests they also have freedom in other areas with many of these freedoms important to produce higher levels of income, while nations that have the higher level of religiosity are willing to sacrifice higher levels of GDP per capita to be able to practice their religion. Along with the multiple measures of religiosity and religious freedom considered, additional variables were included to isolate their relationship with GDP per capita. Additional control variables not related to the religion variables included economic freedom, civil liberties, political rights, and percent of GDP from natural resources. Many of the measures of religious freedom and religiosity were similar to the results from previous studies or were insignificant. Consistent with the previous study the results showed that increased levels of religiosity in a nation were related to lower levels of GDP per capita. However, contrary to previous studies this study found that having a state religion had a strong positive relationship with GDP per capita. The often heard argument is that many of the nations with a state religion are also resource rich nations which could override other factors that limit income per capita was not found to be the case. In the various models considered, the most significant model included both state religion and natural resources as a percent of GDP with the two having a very low level of correlation.

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Covert and overt expressions of self‐criticism and perfectionism and their relation to depression

European Journal of Personality ◽

10.1002/per.499 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

pp. 61-72 ◽

Cited By ~ 42

Author(s):

Theodore A. Powers ◽

David C. Zuroff ◽

Raluca A. Topciu

Keyword(s):

University Students ◽

Personal Standards ◽

Multiple Measures ◽

Two Factors ◽

Predictors Of Depression

Multiple measures of both the covert and overt expressions of self‐criticism and perfectionism have been developed. The present study examined the relation between a measure of overt self‐criticism and several measures of covert self‐criticism and perfectionism, using 59 male and 152 female university students. The study also examined the relation between these constructs and depression. The results replicated previous reports that two factors, self‐critical perfectionism and high personal standards, underlie existing measures of covert expressions. Self‐critical perfectionism and overt self‐criticism were shown to be independent predictors of depression, suggesting the importance of assessing the overt interpersonal, as well as the covert, manifestations of self‐criticism. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Participant Reactions to Suicide-Focused Research

Crisis ◽

10.1027/0227-5910/a000650 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 41 (5) ◽

pp. 367-374

Author(s):

Sarah P. Carter ◽

Brooke A. Ammerman ◽

Heather M. Gebhardt ◽

Jonathan Buchholz ◽

Mark A. Reger

Keyword(s):

Medical Records ◽

Research Study ◽

Small Sample Size ◽

Psychiatric Inpatient ◽

Small Sample ◽

Inpatient Unit ◽

Online Laboratory ◽

Psychiatric Inpatient Unit ◽

Before And After ◽

Participant Reactions

Abstract. Background: Concerns exist regarding the perceived risks of conducting suicide-focused research among an acutely distressed population. Aims: The current study assessed changes in participant distress before and after participation in a suicide-focused research study conducted on a psychiatric inpatient unit. Method: Participants included 37 veterans who were receiving treatment on a psychiatric inpatient unit and completed a survey-based research study focused on suicide-related behaviors and experiences. Results: Participants reported no significant changes in self-reported distress. The majority of participants reported unchanged or decreased distress. Reviews of electronic medical records revealed no behavioral dysregulation and minimal use of as-needed medications or changes in mood following participation. Limitations: The study's small sample size and veteran population may limit generalizability. Conclusion: Findings add to research conducted across a variety of settings (i.e., outpatient, online, laboratory), indicating that participating in suicide-focused research is not significantly associated with increased distress or suicide risk.

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Slow Down You’re Moving Too Fast

Journal of Media Psychology Theories Methods and Applications ◽

10.1027/1864-1105/a000130 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 27 (2) ◽

pp. 53-63 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Annie Lang ◽

Nancy Schwartz ◽

Sharon Mayell

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Cognitive Aging ◽

Attention And Memory ◽

Younger Adults ◽

Media Messages ◽

Two Factors ◽

The Difference

The study reported here compared how younger and older adults processed the same set of media messages which were selected to vary on two factors, arousing content and valence. Results showed that older and younger adults had similar arousal responses but different patterns of attention and memory. Older adults paid more attention to all messages than did younger adults. However, this attention did not translate into greater memory. Older and younger adults had similar levels of memory for slow-paced messages, but younger adults outperformed older adults significantly as pacing increased, and the difference was larger for arousing compared with calm messages. The differences found are in line with predictions made based on the cognitive-aging literature.

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Effects of an Anxiety-Specific Psychometric Factor on Fear Conditioning and Fear Generalization

Zeitschrift für Psychologie ◽

10.1027/2151-2604/a000304 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 225 (3) ◽

pp. 200-213 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Christian Baumann ◽

Miriam A. Schiele ◽

Martin J. Herrmann ◽

Tina B. Lonsdorf ◽

Peter Zwanzger ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factor ◽

Anxiety Disorders ◽

Fear Conditioning ◽

Longitudinal Design ◽

Principal Component ◽

Anxiety And Depression ◽

Specific Factor ◽

High Anxious ◽

Two Factors ◽

Fear Generalization

Abstract. Conditioning and generalization of fear are assumed to play central roles in the pathogenesis of anxiety disorders. Here we investigate the influence of a psychometric anxiety-specific factor on these two processes, thus try to identify a potential risk factor for the development of anxiety disorders. To this end, 126 healthy participants were examined with questionnaires assessing symptoms of anxiety and depression and with a fear conditioning and generalization paradigm. A principal component analysis of the questionnaire data identified two factors representing the constructs anxiety and depression. Variations in fear conditioning and fear generalization were solely associated with the anxiety factor characterized by anxiety sensitivity and agoraphobic cognitions; high-anxious individuals exhibited stronger fear responses (arousal) during conditioning and stronger generalization effects for valence and UCS-expectancy ratings. Thus, the revealed psychometric factor “anxiety” was associated with enhanced fear generalization, an assumed risk factor for anxiety disorders. These results ask for replication with a longitudinal design allowing to examine their predictive validity.

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