The administration of ponts et chaussées at the first half of the French Revolution : The question of centralization in the relationship of Paris-départements

This article examines Charles Villers'sEssay on the Spirit and Influence of Luther's Reformation(1804) in its intellectual and historical context. Exiled from France after 1792, Villers intervened in important French and German debates about the relationship of religion, history, and philosophy. The article shows how he took up a German Protestant discussion on the meaning of the Reformation that had been underway from the 1770s through the end of the century, including efforts by Kantians to seize the mantle of Protestantism for themselves. Villers's essay capitalized on a broad interest in the question of Protestantism and its meaning for modern freedom around 1800. Revisiting the formation of the narrative of Protestantism and progress reveals that it was not a logical progression from Protestant theology or religion but rather part of a specific ideological and social struggle in the wake of the French Revolution and the collapse of the Old Regime.

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The Taxing of the Clergy in Eighteenth-Century France

Church History ◽

10.2307/3162978 ◽

1964 ◽

Vol 33 (2) ◽

pp. 157-174 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Norman Ravitch

Keyword(s):

Eighteenth Century ◽

French Revolution ◽

Social Order ◽

Temporal Characteristic ◽

Major Area ◽

French Society ◽

Relationship Of ◽

The Relationship ◽

The French Revolution ◽

The Revolution

If after many years of scholarship and controversy, the French Revolution is to be seen, with Georges Lefebvre, as preeminently the revolution of equality, and its most important achievement the substitution of a bourgeois and individualistic social order for the former aristocratic and corporatist one, the nature of eighteenth-century corporate or “constituted bodies” becomes a major area for research. There are many questions which the historian would like to ask about these aristocratic institutions, but generally these questions fall into two groups: the relationship of these bodies to society as a whole, and their inner cohesiveness. By examining the taxation of the clergy in eighteenth-century France, we investigate the chief temporal characteristic of the ecclesiastical estate and are in a position to evaluate both its relationship to French society as a whole and its internal strengths and weaknesses.

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The French Revolution: The Aristocratic Resurgence

10.23943/princeton/9780691161280.003.0014 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

R. R. Palmer

Keyword(s):

French Revolution ◽

Western Civilization ◽

Central Theme ◽

Political Borders ◽

Definition Of ◽

Moral Attitudes ◽

Relationship Of ◽

The Relationship ◽

The Church ◽

The French Revolution

This chapter examines the conflict which developed in France between a reforming monarchy and a resurgent aristocracy, and traces the beginnings of the French Revolution. The French Revolution had points of resemblance to movements of the time in other countries is the central theme of this book. Like them, it arose out of circumstances characteristic of Western Civilization, and it was to merge with them, especially with the war that began in 1792, into a great struggle that no political borders could contain. From the beginning, however, there was much that was unique about the revolution in France. The French Revolution remained primarily political, but in its effects on society and social and moral attitudes it went far beyond the merely political. It changed the very nature and definition of property, and to some extent its distribution; it transformed, or attempted to transform, the church, the army, the educational system, institutions of public relief, the legal system, the market economy, and the relationship of employers and employees.

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Lavoisier writes to Fourcroy from prison

Notes and Records the Royal Society journal of the history of science ◽

10.1098/rsnr.1958.0006 ◽

1958 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 59-60

Keyword(s):

French Revolution ◽

Ancien Regime ◽

Chemical Revolution ◽

Educational Curriculum ◽

Ancien Régime ◽

The Relationship ◽

The French Revolution

The principal architects of the ‘chemical revolution’ may well be said to have been Antoine Laurent Lavoisier (1743-1794) and Antoine Francois Fourcroy (1755-1809). The former by the intuitive genius of his brain, the extraordinary manipulative skill of his hands and the impeccable logic of his mind elaborated and set forth those truths on which modem chemistry was founded. The latter used his ingratiating and flexible personality, oratorical ability and facile pen to publicize the new chemistry and see that it was embodied in the educational curriculum. Lavoisier helped Fourcroy during his earlier years and used his prestige and influence to advance the younger man and obtain financial preferment for him. Under the ancien régime Lavoisier was rich, respected and influential; Fourcroy led a struggling existence for many years. The French Revolution was to bring Lavoisier misery and legal assassination; the same period saw Fourcroy’s prestige and power rise to a maximum. The relationship existing between the two men presents an as yet unsolved puzzle. Fourcroy’s biography still has to be written, as does an authoritative one of Lavoisier, when all the material is available. The latter’s standard biographer, Edouard Grimaux, wrote three-quarters of a century ago and his work needs to be superseded by an objective and fully documented modern study. Grimaux strongly condemned Fourcroy for allowing Lavoisier to be sent to the guillotine and implies that, possibly motivated by jealousy, he may have helped to speed him on his way. Modern scholars are inclined to the opinion that Grimaux maligned Fourcroy unjustifiably. The charge, however, was evidently current shortly after Lavoisier’s death, for in a speech delivered only two years after the lamentable event Fourcroy felt constrained to defend himself against an accusation which was to haunt him for the rest of his days and pursue him from his own death until the present day.

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Returning to the Leninist Line under Khrushchev and Brezhnev

The French Revolutionary Tradition in Russian and Soviet Politics, Political Thought, and Culture ◽

10.1093/oso/9780198842705.003.0010 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 301-317

Author(s):

Jay Bergman

Keyword(s):

French Revolution ◽

Economic Changes ◽

Stalin Era ◽

The Relationship ◽

The French Revolution ◽

The Revolution

Following Stalin’s death in 1953, the ambivalence with which Lenin viewed the Jacobins is once again the reigning orthodoxy. As a result, the debate among Soviet historians over the relationship between the Jacobin dictatorship and the Thermidorian reaction to it, which began in the 1920s but was interrupted during the Stalin era, resumed. Most considered the downfall of the Jacobins the catalyst for economic changes that essentially reversed the Jacobins’ policies; several others, however, saw a ‘growing over’ in terms of policy from the Jacobin phase of the French Revolution to the Thermidorian one. But the debate did not shake the consensus that the revolution ended with the demise of the Jacobins in 1794, rather than with Napoleon’s coup five years later.

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The Archaeology of the French Revolution

A World History of Nineteenth-Century Archaeology ◽

10.1093/oso/9780199217175.003.0009 ◽

2007 ◽

Author(s):

Margarita Diaz-Andreu

Keyword(s):

Eighteenth Century ◽

French Revolution ◽

Early Years ◽

Political Scientist ◽

Professional Discipline ◽

The People ◽

Nineteenth And Twentieth Centuries ◽

The Common ◽

The Relationship ◽

The French Revolution

The nineteenth century saw the emergence of both nationalism and archaeology as a professional discipline. The aim of this chapter is to show how this apparent coincidence was not accidental. This discussion will take us into uncharted territory. Despite the growing literature on archaeology and nationalism (Atkinson et al. 1996; Díaz-Andreu & Champion 1996a; Kohl & Fawcett 1995; Meskell 1998), the relationship between the two during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries has yet to be explored. The analysis of how the past was appropriated during this era of the revolutions, which marked the dawn of nationalism, is not helped by the specialized literature available on nationalism, as little attention has been paid to these early years. Most authors dealing with nationalism focus their research on the mid to late nineteenth and twentieth centuries, when the ideas that emerged during the era of the revolutions bore fruit and the balance between civic and ethnic nationalism (i.e. between a nationalism based on individual rights and the sovereignty of the people within the nation and another built on the common history and culture of the members of the nation) definitively shifted towards the latter. The reluctance to scrutinize the first years of nationalism by experts in the field may be a result of unease in dealing with a phenomenon which some simply label as patriotism. The term nationalism was not often used at the time. The political scientist Tom Nairn (1975: 6) traced it back to the late 1790s in France (it was employed by Abbé Baruel in 1798). However, its use seems to have been far from common, to the extent that other scholars believed it appeared in 1812. In other European countries, such as England, ‘nationalism’ was first employed in 1836 (Huizinga 1972: 14). Despite this disregard for the term itself until several decades later, specialists in the Weld of nationalism consider the most common date of origin as the end of the eighteenth century with the French Revolution as the key event in its definition.

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Literary Leviathans

Disaffected Parties ◽

10.1093/oso/9780198833130.003.0003 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 123-155

Author(s):

John Owen Havard

Keyword(s):

French Revolution ◽

Political Activity ◽

Literary Authority ◽

Literature And Politics ◽

James Boswell ◽

Authorial Persona ◽

The Relationship ◽

The French Revolution

This chapter shows how Samuel Johnson’s authorial persona focalized a larger crisis of political and literary authority during the period spanning the American War and the French Revolution. Where Johnson’s commitment to absolute sovereignty set him at odds with changing conceptions of power, the ‘warm Toryism’ of James Boswell allowed him to navigate the onset of Britain’s counter-revolutionary turn and its imperial correlatives with far greater success. These changing conceptions of authority converged in Boswell’s monumental biography, which thereby illuminates crucial changes to the relationship between literature and politics. Through Johnson’s reputation in America and posthumous satires about his views on popular revolution, the chapter shows how Johnson’s dogmatic views on authority, together with his volatile personality, infused both his writings and his politics with uncertainty. Boswell’s depiction of Johnson in his 1791 Life of Johnson in turn acquired heightened and transformed significance amidst fears of anti-royalist unrest and the explosion of plebeian political activity associated with the aftermath of the French Revolution, and, to an important and neglected degree, was the product of both this changing political atmosphere and changing conceptions of the literary domain.

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The Jews, the Revolution, and the Old Regime in French Anti-Semitism and Durkheim's Sociology

Sociological Theory ◽

10.1111/j.1467-9558.2011.01397.x ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 29 (4) ◽

pp. 248-271 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Chad Alan Goldberg

Keyword(s):

French Revolution ◽

Emile Durkheim ◽

Sociological Perspective ◽

French Society ◽

Old Regime ◽

Anti Semitism ◽

Alternative Vision ◽

The Relationship ◽

The French Revolution

The relationship between European sociology and European anti-Semitism in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries is investigated through a case study of one sociologist, Émile Durkheim, in a single country, France. Reactionary and radical forms of anti-Semitism are distinguished and contrasted to Durkheim's sociological perspective. Durkheim's remarks about the Jews directly addressed anti-Semitic claims about them, their role in French society, and their relationship to modernity. At the same time, Durkheim was engaged in a reinterpretation of the French Revolution and its legacies that indirectly challenged other tenets of French anti-Semitism. In sum, Durkheim's work contains direct and indirect responses to reactionary and radical forms of anti-Semitism, and together these responses form a coherent alternative vision of the relationship between modernity and the Jews.

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This Time as Romantic Fiction: Monarchism and Peasant Freedom in the Historical Literature of B. S. Ingemann 1824–1836

Romantik ◽

10.7146/rom.v1i1.15852 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 103

Author(s):

Lone Kølle

Keyword(s):

French Revolution ◽

Historical Literature ◽

The People ◽

Ancient Constitution ◽

Cultural Indicator ◽

The Relationship ◽

The French Revolution

This article examines the relationship between the monarchy and the people as represented by one of the foremost Danish Romantics, the poet B. S. Ingemann (1789–1862), in the historical literature he published in the years when Ingemann wrote his Danish history, the so-called ‘myth of an original peasant’s freedom’, is also inherent in Ingemann’s novels and poems. Drawing on the literature of the Danish historian Peter Frederik Suhm, Ingemann embraces and ‘recycles’ the idea that historically an ancient constitution existen in Denmark to ensure that the peasant was on equal terms with the nobility and the clergy. No decision could be made without the consent of the commonality. The article stresses that this idea had an enormous impact on Danish society, both as a cultural indicator and as an actual political tool, not least in the crucial years following the French Revolution.

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Yellow fever: populist pangs in France

Soundings ◽

10.3898/soun.72.04.2019 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 72 (72) ◽

pp. 65-78

Author(s):

Gabriel Bristow

Keyword(s):

Social Movements ◽

French Revolution ◽

Yellow Fever ◽

Police Violence ◽

The Relationship ◽

The French Revolution

A discussion of the recent gilets jaunes revolt in France, reflecting on the dynamics of contemporary populist social movements. Starting with the causes of the uprising - underlying and immediate - the article goes on to explore the democratic demands of the movement, the role of the historical imaginary of the French Revolution, the relationship between the gilets jaunes and France's banlieues, and the predominance of police violence.

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