scholarly journals ECONOMICS OF TRADITIONAL CATTLE PRODUCTION IN THE NORTHERN GUINEA SAVANNA OF NIGERIA

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
pp. 135-141
Author(s):  
A. H. Ndubuisi ◽  
E. O. Otchere ◽  
A. O. Ogungbile
Keyword(s):  
Unit Cost ◽  
Analytical Framework ◽  
Variable Cost ◽  
Cattle Production ◽  
Gross Margin ◽  
Northern Guinea Savanna ◽  
Total Variable Cost ◽  
Adequate Provision ◽  
Supplementary Feed ◽  
Gross Margins

A survey to determine the economics of traditional cattle production among agropastoralists was carried out in Giwa Local Government Area of Kaduna State. The survey covered 75 agropastoral households grouped into three categories viz: CI, CII and CIII for  livestock activities and two groups GP1 and GP2 for cropping activities. The analytical framework used in the study include simple gross margin and multiple regression analysesResults of the study indicated that 66.67% of the respondents have lived in the study area for up to five years. Total variable cost (TVC) varied with the size of herd. TVC averaged N958.72/LU for CI, N818.48/LU for CII and N561.29/LU for CIII. The agropastoralits were making some profit in both livestock and cropping actiVities. Gross margin/LU averaged N967.28/LU N1,118.93/LU and N1,344.93/LU for farmers in CI, CII and CIII, respectively. The gross margins in cropping activities were N372.24/ha for GP1 and N480.18/ha for GP2. Inputs identified in cattle production were relevant in explaining variations in output. There was a decreasing return to scale in cattle production. There was also an inverse relationship between unit cost of production and size of herd. The above results indicated that a substantial increase in the income of the farmers was possible. This could be achieved through integrated crop/livestock productionproper herd management and adequate provision of supplementary feed for dry season cattle production. 

scholarly journals Economics of hybrid maize production in some selected areas of Bangladesh

1970 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
MR Karim ◽  
M Moniruzzaman ◽  
QM Alam
Keyword(s):  
High Price ◽  
Variable Cost ◽  
Optimum Level ◽  
Gross Margin ◽  
Maize Production ◽  
Land Preparation ◽  
Total Variable Cost ◽  
Maize Cultivation ◽  
Human Labour ◽  
Hybrid Maize

The present study is an attempt to assess the existing agronomic practices of hybrid maize cultivation, its profitability, constraints, and factors affecting hybrid maize production. The majority of the total farmers sowed seeds during the first week of December. The average seed rate was found to be 20.94 kg per hectare. About 16 varieties were found to cultivate by farmers, of which majority farmers used NK-40 followed by Pacific-II. All kinds of fertilizer used by the farmers were below the optimum level of recommendation. About 33 and 28 percent of the total variable cost was for human labour and chemical fertilizer, respectively. The average yield of hybrid maize was found higher than the national average. The average gross margin was observed to be Tk. 28456 on total variable cost basis. The cost per kilogram of maize cultivation was Tk. 4.12 and return from one kilogram of maize production was Tk. 7.80. It is found that the coefficient of human labour, land preparation, irrigation, urea and borax have significantly impact on gross return. Timely non-availability of seeds, high price of fertilizer, and low price of yield were the major problems for hybrid maize production. Farmers cultivated hybrid maize because of higher yield, higher income, and easy growing. Keywords: Gross return; gross margin; profitability. DOI: 10.3329/bjar.v35i1.5869Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 35(1) : 83-93, March 2010

scholarly journals Economics of Black gram cultivation and its impact on farmers livelihood in two selected districts of Bangladesh

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 83-96
Author(s):  
M Mohiuddin ◽  
N Akter ◽  
R Khanum
Keyword(s):  
Primary Data ◽  
Variable Cost ◽  
Black Gram ◽  
Net Income ◽  
Gross Margin ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Agronomic Practices ◽  
Total Variable Cost ◽  
Price Instability ◽  
Returns To Labour

The present study is an attempt to assess the existing agronomic practices of black gram cultivation, its impact on farmers livelihood and constraints of black gram production and marketing. Primary data from 85 farmers were collected during February to March 2016 through face to face interviews. Descriptive statistics and Garret ranking method were used to analyze the data. The majority of the farmers had sown seeds during the last week of September to first week of October. The average seed rate was found to be 19.36 kg per hectare which indicated that all farm households used below recommended dose of seeds (35-40 kg/ha). The average yield of black gram was found higher than the national average. The average net income was observed to be Tk. 26990 and Tk. 19845 in Sherpur and Jamalpur respectively. The average gross margin was observed to be Tk. 37629 on total variable cost basis. It was also found that average returns to labour was Tk. 1000/man-day in Sherpur and Tk. 692/man-day in Jamalpur district respectively. It was also observed that all kinds of livelihood assets of the selected farmers increased significantly through black gram farming. The results revealed that the main constraints faced by black gram grower were lack of irrigation facility, non availability of HYV seeds, low output price, labour scarcity, lack of knowledge about improved varieties with their production technology, excessive rainfall after flowering and weak research-extension farmers linkage etc. Farmers also faced some marketing related problems such as limited buyers, price instability, lack of storage facilities and high market toll. Farmers cultivated black gram because of higher yield, higher income, and easy growing. SAARC J. Agri., 16(2): 83-96 (2018)

Production and gross margins for sheep and cattle grazed separately and together

1975 ◽  
Vol 15 (72) ◽  
pp. 38 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Hamilton
Keyword(s):  
First Grade ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
Gross Margin ◽  
Supplementary Feed ◽  
Gross Margins ◽  
Stocking Rates

On annual pasture, ewes lambing in autumn and young steers grazed separately each at five stocking rates, and grazed together in a ratio of 4 : 1 at each of three stocking rates. Gross margin per hectare (GMH) from the sheep was greatest at the heaviest stocking rate that could be carried safely without supplementary feed, and from steers was greatest at the heaviest stocking rate at which a high proportion of carcases were first-grade, even in a year of poor pasture. Maximum GMH from the steers was obtained at a lighter equivalent stocking rate than that required for maximum GMH from the sheep. When the sheep and steers grazed together at a stocking rate where first-grade steer carcases were produced consistently, the loss in potential sheep GMH from reducing the sheep stocking rate to this level was greater than the value of any benefit from mixed stocking. This finding is discussed in relation to results from another environment where no difference was found between sheep and cattle in the stocking rate required for maximum GMH.

Divergent genotypes for fatness or residual feed intake in Angus cattle. 7. Low-fat and low-RFI cows produce more liveweight and better gross margins than do high-fat and high-RFI cows when managed under the same conditions

2018 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 103
Author(s):  
L. Anderton ◽  
J. M. Accioly ◽  
K. J. Copping ◽  
M. P. B. Deland ◽  
M. L. Hebart ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Residual Feed Intake ◽  
Low Fat ◽  
Gross Margin ◽  
Breeding Values ◽  
Angus Cattle ◽  
Estimated Breeding Values ◽  
Supplementary Feed ◽  
Gross Margins ◽  
Stocking Rates

The present paper focuses on the economic evaluation of the observed differences in maternal productivity of different genetic lines in Angus cattle that were managed under contrasting nutritional regimes typical of southern Australia. Five hundred Angus cows were managed concurrently at two locations in southern Australia. On each site, the cows were managed under the following two different nutritional treatments: High and Low, to simulate different stocking rates. Cows selected for a divergence in either carcass rib-fat depth or residual feed intake based on mid-parent estimated breeding values for those traits, were allocated in replicate groups to either High- or Low-nutrition treatments. By design, the supplementary feeding regime was the same for the High and Low genetic lines to ensure genetic differences were not confounded with management differences. Animal productivity results from the experiment were used as input data to evaluate the economic performance of the four genetic lines under the two nutritional treatments. Two methods were used; the first was a gross-margin calculation of income minus variable costs as AU$ per breeding cow for a 1000-cow herd; the second was a whole-farm linear programming model maximising the gross margin. Stocking rates were optimised by matching the energy requirements for the whole herd with the energy available from pasture and supplementary feed on a representative 700-ha farm. Using the two methods of calculating gross margin (per cow and optimised per hectare), including examination of sensitivity to changes in prices of cattle and supplementary feed, the present study demonstrated that genetically leaner cows due to selection of low fat or low residual feed intake, had gross margins superior to those of genetically fatter cows. They generated more income by selling more liveweight due to heavier weights and higher stocking rates. The results are affected by the management system utilised and some confounding with growth (leaner genetic lines had higher growth estimated breeding values), but will assist producers to make more informed decisions about how to manage animal breeding and nutritional interactions.

scholarly journals Agro-economic analysis of maize production in Bangladesh: a farm level study

1970 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Moniruzzaman ◽  
MS Rahman ◽  
MK Karim ◽  
QM Alam
Keyword(s):  
High Price ◽  
Variable Cost ◽  
Gross Margin ◽  
Interview Schedule ◽  
Maize Production ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Total Variable Cost ◽  
Maize Cultivation ◽  
Cash Cost ◽  
Benefit Cost

The study was carried out in four major maize growing areas namely Chuadanga, Dinajpur, Bogra and Lalmonirhat during 2006-2007 to know profitability level of maize production in Bangladesh. A total of 200 randomly selected maize growers taking 50 from each location were interviewed using pre-designed interview schedule. The average yield was found to be 8.00 t/ha. The average costs of maize production were Tk 44197, Tk 33195 and Tk 24441 per hectare on total cost, variable cost and cash cost basis respectively and gross return was Tk 69773 per hectare. The gross margin was Tk 36578/ha on total variable cost (TVC) and Tk 45332/ha on cash cost basis. The net return was observed to be Tk 25575 per hectare. Benefit cost ratios were calculated as 1.58, 2.10 and 2.85 on total cost, variable cost and cash cost basis respectively. As a result, maize cultivation was more profitable. Lack of capital and high price of TSP were the main constraints to its higher production.Key Words: Maize; production; agro-economic.DOI: 10.3329/bjar.v34i1.5748Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 34(1) : 15-24, March 2009

scholarly journals Effect of Farmers – Herdsmen Crisis on Yam Production in Southern Agricultural Zone of Nasarawa State, Nigeria

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
A. A. Girei ◽  
L. S. Ugwuanyi ◽  
H. M. Turai
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Sampling Procedure ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Variable Cost ◽  
Gross Margin ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Total Variable Cost ◽  
Multi Stage ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Socio Economic Variables

The study analyzed effect of crisis on yam production in Southern Agricultural Zone, Nasarawa State, Nigeria. The specific objectives were to; determine the effect of socio-economic variables on yam production, determine the factors affecting yam production, and to compare the gross margin of yam production before and after crisis in the study area. A multi-stage sampling procedure was adopted for this study and a total of sixty (60) respondents were sampled for this study. Data were collected through the use of structured questionnaires and analyzed using descriptive statistics which involves use frequency, percentages and the gross margin analysis. The study revealed that before the conflict the total variable cost was 233,288.4 while after the conflict, the total variable cost was 172310. The study conclude that price of fertilizer was doubled after conflict thereby reducing production. The result shows that 17.6% of the respondent’s stopped producing yam because of the fear of conflict. And also, there was a reduction in food production between the period of the conflicts and peaceful disposition. The study therefore recommend that government should develop policies and strategies to curtail future occurrence of crisis among farmers and herdsmen, and focus more on giving incentives to farmers and subsidy on farm inputs such as fertilizer, improved varieties, chemicals among others to boost food crop production, farmers income level and to ensure maximum security on lives and properties of prospective citizens and farmers.

scholarly journals Pengaruh Berat Potong dan Harga Pembelian Domba dan Kambing Betina terhadap Gross Margin Jagal di Rumah Potong Hewan Mentik, Kresen, Bantul (The Effects of Slaughter Weight and Purchase Price of Female Sheep and Goats on the Butcher’s Gross Margin at Ment

2012 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 119
Author(s):  
Wisnu Widiarto ◽  
Rini Widiati ◽  
I Gede Suparta Budisatria
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Variable Cost ◽  
Purchase Price ◽  
Gross Margin ◽  
Slaughter Weight ◽  
Sheep And Goats ◽  
Gross Margins ◽  
Female Sheep ◽  
Better Than

<p>This study was aimed to determine the effect of slaughter weight and purchasing price of female sheep and goats on the butcher’s gross margins at the slaughterhouse of Mentik, Kresen, Bantul. The study was conducted to determine<br />the production activities of butchers. Sixty heads of local female sheep and goats respectively, were used as samples. The animals were divided into two groups, based on its body weight, namely 10 to 14.99 kg (BP1) and 15 to 20 kg<br />(BP2) of body weight. The data consisted of purchasing price, slaughter weight, variable cost, dressing and non carcass percentages and the butcher’s gross margin. Factorial analysis was used to determine the ratio between spesies and<br />groups which live weight is best for the production of sheep and female goats. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to determine the effect of slaughter weight and purchase price to production of female sheep and goats, and<br />slaughter weight and variable costs to gross margin of sheep and female goats butchers. The results showed that Bligon female goats of 15-20 kg body weight has the highest value on production and gross margins, it was 9.83 kg and Rp.<br />104,901.50, respectively. The purchasing price and the slaughter weight significantly and positively affecting the production of female local sheep and goats with R2 = 0.718, female goats has better production than sheep. Slaughter<br />weight significantly and positively affecting the gross margin of the butcher. Variable costs significantly and negatively affecting the gross margins of the butcher with R2=0.665. Higher variable cost will reduce the butcher’s gross margin. There were differences in the gross margin of female sheep and goat. The Gross margin of female goats was better than the gross margins of sheep. It can be concluded that local female goat’s production and gross margin was better than sheep.</p><p>(Key words: Female local sheep and goats, Dressing and non carcass percentages, Production and Gross margin)<br /><br /></p>

scholarly journals Profitability analysis of goat marketing in Ado Ekiti metropolis, Ekiti State, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 178-185
Author(s):  
F. O. Bamigboye ◽  
J. O. Oluwasusi ◽  
A. R. Sodiq
Keyword(s):  
Great Influence ◽  
Descriptive Statistics ◽  
Variable Cost ◽  
Personal Interview ◽  
Gross Margin ◽  
Profitability Analysis ◽  
Total Variable Cost ◽  
Marketing Data ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Structured Questionnaire

Profitability of a livestock business has a great influence on its sourcing, distribution and sustainability. Thus, this study was carried out to determine the profitability of goat enterprise. A total of sixty respondents were randomly selected from two major markets in Ado-Ekiti metropolis (Shasha and Oja-Oba markets). Data were collected through the use of structured questionnaire coupled with personal interview on socio economic characteristics of the respondents, cost and returns from goat marketing. Data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics and budgeting analysis. The results on socio economic characteristics showed that goat marketers were predominantly married (63.3%) and relatively old (with a mean age of 58 years) in the study area. Profitability of a livestock business has a great influence on its sourcing, distribution and sustainability. Thus, this study was carried out to determine the profitability of goat enterprise. A total of sixty respondents were randomly selected from two major markets in Ado-Ekiti metropolis (Shasha and Oja-Oba markets). Data were collected through the use of structured questionnaire coupled with personal interview on socio economic characteristics of the respondents, cost and returns from goat marketing. Data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics and budgeting analysis. The results on socio economic characteristics showed that goat marketers were predominantly married (63.3%) and relatively old (with a mean age of 58 years) in the study area. The costs and returns analysis showed that mean Total Variable Cost (TVC) incurred in the marketing of goats per annum was N489, 700.00 while the mean Total Revenue (TR) was N720, 000.00 and the mean Gross Margin (GM) per seller was N230,300.00. The results implied that goat marketing in the study area is a profitable business involving both young and old, male and female, educated and illiterate.

scholarly journals Economic analysis of smallholder maize farmers: implications for public extension services in Eastern Cape

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
I. K. Agbugba ◽  
M. Christian ◽  
A. Obi
Keyword(s):  
Smallholder Farmers ◽  
Sampling Procedure ◽  
Land Acquisition ◽  
Smallholder Farmer ◽  
Eastern Cape ◽  
Gross Margin ◽  
Profitability Analysis ◽  
Household Heads ◽  
Multistage Sampling ◽  
Gross Margins

ABSTRACT This study sought to determine the economics of maize farmers in Amatole District, Eastern Cape. Multistage sampling procedure was used to select hundred and nine (109) smallholder farmers (homestead and irrigators). Descriptive statistics and gross margin analysis were used to determine the economics and profitability of maize in the study area. Findings indicated that majority (66 per cent) of them were men with an average age of 61 years old, majority (69 per cent) were married, with mean household size of 4 persons and household heads having some primary education. Moreover, majority (76 per cent) of the farmers depended on irrigation technology; majority (33 per cent) of the famers spent between 9 and 11 years of experience in farming; majority (89 per cent) of the respondents in the study area were dependent on farming as their major occupation and livelihood. Pertaining to land acquisition, majority (48%) of the farmers believed that the traditional or community leaders set rules and regulations regarding land acquisition. From the profitability analysis, smallholder farmer irrigators generated significantly higher yield, total revenues and gross margins more than the homestead gardeners at 5, 10 and 5 per cent levels, respectively. Moreover, homestead gardeners spent more money in purchase of inputs and this may have contributed to their low gross margins. On the other hand, smallholder-farmer irrigators who incur less input costs have higher chances of benefiting from price discounts and transport offer by input suppliers than the homestead gardeners. This results in smallholder farmer irrigators wielding more profits, thereby creating more income and wealth which is pivotal in the improvement of farmers' livelihoods. Keywords: Economics, profitability, Maize farmers, Extension service, Eastern Cape.

scholarly journals Estimating an Aggregate Economic Genotype to Facilitate Breeding and Selection of Strawberry Genotypes in Southeast Queensland

2014 ◽  
Vol 139 (3) ◽  
pp. 253-260
Author(s):  
Mark E. Herrington ◽  
Craig Hardner ◽  
Malcolm Wegener ◽  
Louella Woolcock ◽  
Mark J. Dieters
Keyword(s):  
Rank Correlation ◽  
Breeding Population ◽  
Breeding Program ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Breeding Value ◽  
Linear Quadratic ◽  
Gross Margin ◽  
Economic Weight ◽  
Non Linear ◽  
Gross Margins

The Queensland strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa) breeding program in subtropical Australia aims to improve sustainable profitability for the producer. Selection must account for the relative economic importance of each trait and the genetic architecture underlying these traits in the breeding population. Our study used estimates of the influence of a trait on production costs and profitability to develop a profitability index (PI) and an economic weight (i.e., change in PI for a unit change in level of trait) for each trait. The economic weights were then combined with the breeding values for 12 plant and fruit traits on over 3000 genotypes that were represented in either the current breeding population or as progenitors in the pedigree of these individuals. The resulting linear combination (i.e., sum of economic weight × breeding value for all 12 traits) estimated the overall economic worth of each genotype as H, the aggregate economic genotype. H values were validated by comparisons among commercial cultivars and were also compared with the estimated gross margins. When the H value of ‘Festival’ was set as zero, the H values of genotypes in the pedigree ranged from –0.36 to +0.28. H was highly correlated (R2 = 0.77) with the year of selection (1945–98). The gross margins were highly linearly related (R2 > 0.98) to H values when the genotype was planted on less than 50% of available area, but the relationship was non-linear [quadratic with a maximum (R2 > 0.96)] when the planted area exceeded 50%. Additionally, with H values above zero, the variation in gross margin increased with increasing H values as the percentage of area planted to a genotype increased. High correlations among some traits allowed the omission of any one of three of the 12 traits with little or no effect on ranking (Spearman’s rank correlation 0.98 or greater). Thus, these traits may be dropped from the aggregate economic genotype, leading to either cost reductions in the breeding program or increased selection intensities for the same resources. H was efficient in identifying economically superior genotypes for breeding and deployment, but because of the non-linear relationship with gross margin, calculation of a gross margin for genotypes with high H is also necessary when cultivars are deployed across more than 50% of the available area.

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