Substitution of the Fermented Cocoa Pod Waste in to the Grass Based Diet on Performance of Bligon Goat

This experiment was aimed to evaluate the effect of fermented cocoa pod as feed for Bligon goats. Sixteen Bligon goat with a body weight of 11-13 kg were put into individual cages which were equipped with feed and drink containers. The study design used a randomized block design, where initial body weight in as peragam with four treatments and four replications. Fermented cocoa pod used Trametes versicolor. The experimental treatments were T1= 30% of fresh king grass + 50% of dried king grass + 20% of concentrate; T2= 30% of fresh king grass + 30% of dried king grass + 40% of concentrate; T3= 30% of fresh king grass + 30% of cocoa pod + 40% of concentrate; and T4= 30% of fresh king grass + 30% of cocoa pod fermented + 40% of concentrate. Observed variables were feed intake, body weight gain and feed conversion. The result showed that fermented cocoa pod at the level of 30% had higher (P<0.05) infeed intake (560.33 g day-1), body weight gain (101.79 g head-1day-1), and feed conversion (5.50) compared to other treatments. The conclusion of this study were the use of 30% cocoa pod fermented in the ration showed the best body weight gain and feed conversion on Bligon goat performance.

Characteristics of Goat Milk Kefir with Addition of Red Yeast Rice Extract During Storage

Kefir is one of milk products, produced by the addition of bacteria and yeast-containing kefir starter. This study aimed to evaluate the microbial characteristic, antibacterial activity, chemical and physical characteristics, antioxidant activity, and organoleptic characteristic of goat milk kefir which treated with angkak (red yeast rice) extract supplementation during storage. The study was initiated with milling to produce angkak flour, which then was diluted on sterilized distilled water on 1:2 ratio. Kefir were obtained by fermenting goat milk using 3% kefir grain for 18 hours at room temperature. Different treatments on the study were angkak extract supplementations on level of 0; 2; 4; and 6% for three different storage periods, i.e., 0, 7, and 14 days. The parameter of microbial characteristics observed on this study were total of lactic acid bacteria, TPC, total yeast, and antibacterial activity. Chemical tests performed on this study included the value of acidity, pH value, alcohol content, and water content. Meanwhile, the physical evaluations included viscosity, color test (brightness value, red value, and yellow value), and followed with antioxidant activity test on DPPH method and organoleptic test. Data from chemical, microbial, and physical evaluation were analyzed on one way ANOVA for these following parameters: total count of lactic acid bacteria, TPC, antibacterial activity, value of acidity, pH value, alcohol content, water content, viscosity, brightness value, red value, yellow value, antioxidant activity, and sensory values (alcoholic taste and acceptability). The analysis were further continued on two way ANOVA for total count of lactic acid bacteria, TPC, antibacterial activity on E. coli and S. aureus, alcohol content, viscosity, brightness value, red value, yellow value, and antioxidant activity. Meanwhile, the organoleptic characteristics were analyzed on non-parametric Kruskal Wallis, followed by Duncan’s multiple range test (DMRT). Data were analyzed on computer program of Software Statistical Product and Service Solution (SPSS) version 18 for windows. The study revealed that angkak extract supplementation on goat milk kefir during 0, 7, and 14 days of storage had significant effects (P<0.05) on total count of lactic acid bacteria, TPC count, antibacterial activity, value of acidity, pH value, alcohol content, and sensory qualities (alcoholic taste and acceptability). There was an interaction between angkak extract supplementation and storage period on total count of lactic acid bacteria, TPC, antibacterial activity on E. coli and S. aureus, alcohol content, viscosity, brightness value, red value, yellow value, and antioxidant activity. As summary, supplementation of angkak extract at 6% level and 14 days storage periods increase the microbiological quality, viscosity, alcohol content, antioxidant activity, as well as its alcoholic taste-associated acceptability, and inhibit the growth of pathogens (E. coli and S. aureus).

Socio-technical Aspects of Smallholder Beekeeping Adoption of Apis cerana in Wanagama Teaching Forest, Gunungkidul, Yogyakarta

The successful rehabilitation of Wanagama teaching forests, which began in the late of 1960s, has created a distinctive forest ecosystem. Currently the forests become the habitat of Apis cerana, enterprised by the surrounding villagers to produce natural forest honey as a non-timber forest product. This paper aims to explore the adoption of smallholder beekeeping of A. cerana, the beekeepers’ socio-economic characteristics, the potential and value of forest honey production, the distribution of bee-boxes inside the forests and potential tree sources of nectar and pollen. Data collection was carried out in July - September 2019 with in-depth interview techniques to 38 beekeepers. Field observations and ground checks were carried out on the sites where beekeepers were placing the bee-boxes in the forest. In addition, an analysis of aerial photograph images taken with drone was also carried out to identify the area of trees as sources of nectar and pollen. The results show that between 1982 and 2019 the development of the adoption of the A. cerana beekeeping increased significantly. The total production of honey from 506 bee-boxes reached 658 liters or 894.9 kg in year of 2018/2019. The number of bee-boxes placed in Wanagama was mainly distributed inside Compartment of 13, 17, 14, 16, 5, and 18. Acacia mangium, eucalyptus, cajuput and mahogany were the main types of nectar-producing trees, in addition to the abundance of flowering undergrowth plants. Many of the challenges faced by honey beekeepers included climate change, the shortage of nectar and pollen sources, pests and diseases and human disturbances. This research suggests the need for a social, institutional and technical approaches to increase the forest productivity as sources of nectar and pollen. It is suggested encouraging the smallholders to adopt beekeeping as the main livelihood alternatives in future and planting more trees in Wanagama forests.

Productivity of Different Local Sheep Breeds Fed by Water Spinach Straw

The decline in forage production during the dry season has an impact on the growth performance of livestock at the level of smallholder. The development of agricultural system by utilizing dried agricultural by-product is an alternative solution to the problem of limited feed during the dry season. Production of water spinach reaches 12,697 tons of dry matter/year and has potential to be used as a fiber sources for livestock. Studies on the use of water spinach straw (WSS) as feed for local sheep have not been widely carried out. This study was aimed to determine the productivity of Garut sheep (GS) and thin tailed sheep (TTS) fed water spinach straw. The results of this study were expected to provide information on the use of dry WSS as a substitute for forage for local sheep for fattening purposes. GS (n = 26) and TTS (n = 27) with an age of 8-12 months and body weight ranging from 10-20 kg were feedlots for 42 days. Sheep are kept intensively in colony pens (4-5 head/pen) with an approaching of body size and body weight. Feeding is done every morning and evening. Drinking water is always available. WSS is given ad libitum and the concentrate is given increasing periodically according to the treatment phase, Starter (1-14 days), Grower (15-28 days), and Finisher (29-42 days). Data were analyzed using One way ANOVA, operated by SPSS 20.0 program. The results showed that GS and TTS had no significant differences in productivity (gain, average daily gain, feed conversion ratio, feed cost, and feed cost per gain) (P>0.05). GS and TTS had the highest gain in the starter phase (2.04±1.08kg and 1.99±1.02kg, respectively) then decreased in the grower phase (1.46±0.83 kg and 1, respectively. 55±0.77 kg) and the finisher (1.61±0.77 kg and 1.59±0.74 kg, respectively). Based on the results obtained, it can be concluded that the GS and TTS had good productivity when fed by WSS as basal feed.

The Effect of PGF2α Injection on Post-Thaw Motility in Sperm of Nubian Goats

This study aims to determine the effect of PGF2α injection on the post-thaw motility (PTM) in sperm of Nubian goats. Three male Nubian goats (3-4 years) with good reproductive ability were used. This study used a 3 x 3 Latin square design. The experimental animals received a physiological NaCl injection as a control (P1); 37.5 mg of PGF2α (P2), and 75 mg of PGF2α (P3). Semen was collected using an artificial vagina with one-week storage intervals between treatments. The collected semen was then diluted and frozen using a simple freezing method. Observation of semen quality before freezing included macroscopic and microscopic examinations. Macroscopic examination consisted of volume, pH, color, odor, and consistency, while microscopic examination consisted of motility, concentration, viability, and abnormality. PTM examination was done by mixing a drop of sperm suspension and one drop of physiological NaCl on an object glass and covered prior to observation under microscope.. The results were analyzed using a Latin square pattern variant analysis, followed by Duncan's test. The PTM values of sperm (%) of Nubian goats in P1, P2, and P3 respectively are 28.71±10.24, 50.03±13.70, and 54.84±12.04 (P<0.05). Injection of PGF2α to Nubian goats by injection increased the PTM.

Phylogenetic Study of Madura Cattle Based on Mitochondrial Cyt b and D-loop Sequences

Madura Cattle is one breed of local cattle from Indonesia. Madura cattle are estimated to originate from a crossbreeding between Bos indicus and Bos javanicus. Another presumption is that Madura cattle are the result of a crossbreeding between B. indicus males and mixed B. javanicus or Bos taurus. Tracing the history of Madura cross and another cattle phylogenetic based on maternal lineage can be done by analyzing the variation of the mitochondrial genome (mtDNA). The purpose of this study was to determine the clarity of the origin of Madura cattle based on maternal lineage using mtDNA markers Cyt b and D-loop. This research is expected to provide genetic information and the origin of Madura cattle, so that it can be used to help improve the breeding and conservation program for Madura cattle. The results of the phylogeny tree reconstruction, using the Cyt b and D-loop genes showed that Madura cattle originated from Sampang region (Polagan, Golbung, and Komis) were grouped into two types of maternal origin. Madura cattle clade I are grouped with B. indicus and B. taurus, while Madura cattle clade II are grouped with B. javanicus. A crossbreeding between B. javanicus and B. indicus is estimated to have been carried out since the entry of Hindu culture brought by the India peoples to Indonesia around 1800 years ago. The crossing between B. javanicus and B. indicus was then more intensively carried out at the time of the government's promoting the development of Ongol cattles (B. indicus) in the days of the Dutch East Indies. The length segment of Cyt b that can be amplified is 230 bp and the D-loop segment of varying length, 577 bp for the Madura 41 and 29 samples, and 624 bp for sample 32.

The Effect of Jamblang Leaves Extract (Syzygium cumini) Inclusion Skim Milk-Egg Yolk Extender on Motility, Abnormality and Viability of Aceh Cattle Spermatozoa Stored at 4ºC

This research aimed to know the effect of the addition of jamblang leaves extract (Syzygium cumini) in skim milk-egg yolk diluent material on motility, abnormality, and viability of Aceh cattle stored at 4ºC. The research design used was Complete Randomized Design consisting of 5 treatment and 5 repetitions. The treatments consisted of J0 (SSKT), J1 (SSKT+ EDJ 0. g/ 100 ml), J2 (SSKT+ EDJ 0.4 g/ 100 ml), J3 (SSKT+ EDJ 0.6 g/ 100 ml) and J4 (SSKT+ EDJ 0.8 g/ 100 ml). The data obtained were analyzed descriptively by determining the mean value and standard deviation using Microsoft Excel. The research result indicated that the addition of jamblang leaves extract in skim milk-egg yolk diluent material maintaining the motility, viability and abnormality of the spermatozoa of Aceh cattle stored at the temperature of 4ºC. Based on the research that has been carried out, it can be concluded that the addition of jamblang leaves extract in skim milk-egg yolk diluent material can maintain the quality of Aceh cattle spermatozoa, while the use of incorrect dose becomes toxic and disrupt the spermatozoa activities to cause death.

Supply Chain Performance and Quality Measurement of Dairy Cow Concentrate in Cooperative toward Sustainable Productivity: a Case Study

This research aims to measure supply chain performance of dairy concentrate in cooperative with the SCOR-AHP approach and develop improvement based on the performance result, and to analyze the quality suitability as a basis to develop a comprehensive quality standard and its quality control mechanism. This research was conducted at a dairy farmer cooperative located in West Java. The analysis used to measure the performance was supply chain operation reference-analysis hierarchy process (SCOR-AHP). For measuring the product quality, ten post-production concentrate samples, 27 samples after the distribution process, and 25 samples for homogeneity test from five mixer machines were taken. Concentrate quality parameters were moisture, ash, crude fat, crude protein, crude fiber, total digestible nutrients (TDN), and salt content. Post-production samples data were compared with Indonesian National Standard (SNI) using one-tailed one-sample t-test, samples data from the field were tested using two samples independent t-tests compared to post-production samples data, and homogeneity test was seen from the coefficient of variation value of the salt content. The results show that the supply chain performance value of dairy cow concentrate at the cooperative is excellent. The nutrient content complies with SNI, but the homogeneity of the mixture is classified as poor category. The nutrient content of samples taken from the field shows differences with post-production samples except for TDN. The excessive total cost can be utilized to enhance performance in generating a better quality product. The cooperative should enhance homogeneity by concerning the mixing process and maintain the quality consistency by reformulating, stabilizing the quality of feedstuff, and calculating stock properly to avoid longer storage.

Off-flavor Production of Cihateup Duck Meat at Different Slaughter Ages

This study aims to evaluate the age of off-odor detection to ensure more efficient and economical provision of antioxidants in the production of Cihateup ducks. This study used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 3 different treatments of slaughter age, i.e. 4, 8 and 12 week. Each treatment consisted of 6 replications and each replication consisted of 13 ducks. The results showed that the percentage of fat content at the age of 12 weeks was higher than the age of 4 and 8 week. High fat-containing meat tends to undergo fat oxidation. High levels of Fe at 12 week of slaughter age cause high levels of myoglobin in duck meat. Fe2+ is a catalyst in the process of fat oxidation. the brightness value (L) is inversely proportional to the value a of Cihateup duck meat. The darker brightness of the meat causes the flesh to be redder due to myoglobin level in duck meat. The percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids (ALTJG) is 4- and 12-week slaughter age lower than 8 week of age. The high levels of MDA at 12 week of slaughter age are due to fat oxidation which causes off-odor. Based on the result, the conclusion is that the high fat content, Fe content, color of Cihateup duck meat at 12 weeks of slaughter age caused the percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids (ALTJG) to be low due to fat oxidation. Fat oxidation caused high levels of MDA in duck meat (12 weeks of slaughter age) resulting in Off-odors in Cihateup duck meat.

Feed Evaluation Based on in Vitro Gas Production of Tropical Forages with Addition of Different Polyethylene Glycol (Peg) Level

This study aimed to determine the chemical composition and gas production based on fermentation in the rumen of nine types of forage tropical feed commonly used in Indonesia. The forages used in this study were: mahogany leaves (Swietenia mahagoni L. Jacq.), tayuman leaves (Bauhinia purpurea), bamboo leaves (Bambusa arundinaceae), canary leaves (Canarium indicum L.), tea leaves (Camellia sinensis), ketapang leaves (Terminalia catapa L.), lamtoro leaves (Leucaena leucocephala), tehtehan leaves (Duranta repens), and turi leaves (Sesbania grandiflora). Measurements of in vitro gas production were carried out at 10 observation points (2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 24, 36, 48, 72 hour). Tannin activity was measured for each sample at observation points using measurements of gas production divided into three groups with modified levels of polyethylene glycol (PEG), ie samples without PEG (P1); sample + PEG in the amount of 200 mgDM (P2); and PEG + samples of tannins contained in each forage based on literature studies (P3). Data were analyzed for a variance by following the factorial completely randomized design (CRD) pattern. Statistical analyzes were performed on all data by following the general linear procedure in PROC GLM from SAS. The data obtained were analyzed for variance at the 5% significance level. The results of gas production calculations showed that crude protein (CP) from each forage ranges from 5.75 - 22.37% where the highest CP was owned by turi leaves (S. grandiflora). The content of crude fiber (CF) ranged from 5.30 - 20.93%. The most optimal measurement of gas production was in the sample given PEG in the amount of 200mg/kg with a significant difference (P<0.05). The higher of the tannin content contained in the forage, the lower of gas produced. Measurement of tannin content showed that condensed tannin content varied from turi leaves by 0.20% to the highest in mahogany leaves by 8.60%. The addition of 200 mg/100mgDM of PEG optimizes the rate of forage gas production, especially for grass plants (gramineae).