scholarly journals Effects of domestic effluent utilisation on the blood characteristics of grower pullets

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 200-206
Author(s):  
O. I. A. Olaremi ◽  
M. K. C. Sridhar
Keyword(s):  
Water Consumption ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Domestic Sewage ◽  
Serum Globulin ◽  
Blood Constituents ◽  
Normal Limits ◽  
Blood Characteristics ◽  
Water Treatments ◽  
Domestic Effluent

Two hundred 10- weeks old golden Hubbard grower chickens were randomly assigned to four water treatments: tap water (TW), alum treated domestic sewage (ATDS), secondary treatment domestic sewage (STDS) and raw domestic sewage (RDS). Each treatment was replicated twice with 25 birds per replicate. The trial lasted for 9 weeks. The experimental waters were analysed to determine their quality, water consumption by the chickens in each treatment was measured to assess their acceptability and the effects of water treatments on hematological and serum biochemical constituents over time were evaluated. The sequence of water quality in decreasing order is TW, ATDS, STDS and RDS. The effect of the water treatments on water consumption of the chickens was not significant (p>0.05). The packed cell volune, haemoglobin, serum total protein, serum albumin, serum globulin, serum calcium and serum phosphorus of the birds were not significantly different (p>0.05) at each bleeding throughout the experiment. While the blood constituents evaluated all had values within the normal limits, the concentrations of calcium in the sera of the bird receiving AIDS were slightly lower at weeks 5 and 9. The chickens on any of the treatments suffered no apparent harm. The physiological constitution of the chickens at this stage of growth appears to be able to accommodate the differences in the chemical and physical compositions of the domestic sewage effluents without disrupting the animal health.

scholarly journals NUTRITIONAL EVALUATION OF FORAGE CACTUS FERTIGATED WITH DOMESTIC SEWAGE EFFLUENT

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 476-486 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARCÍRIO DE LEMOS ◽  
MIGUEL FERREIRA NETO ◽  
JOSÉ FRANCISMAR DE MEDEIROS ◽  
NILDO DA SILVA DIAS ◽  
ÊNIO FARIAS DE FRANÇA E SILVA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tap Water ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Domestic Sewage ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
Mineral Nutrient ◽  
Semiarid Region ◽  
Sewage Effluent ◽  
Irrigation Frequency ◽  
Treated Sewage Effluent ◽  
Domestic Effluent

ABSTRACT The northeastern semiarid region faces some of the droughts of the last centuries, resulting in serious reductions of agriculture yields. The water scarcity for agricultural requires rational use practices and reuse of water, such as use of domestic effluent sewage. Alternatively, the use of treated domestic sewage effluent utilizing for irrigation of forage species, such as the forage cactus, can be highlighted. In order to evaluate the effects of fertirrigation with treated sewage effluent on mineral nutrient composition of forage cactus (Opuntia Tuna L. Mill, Mexican elephant ear), an experiment was carried out utilizing a split plot 3 x (4 + 1) with a randomized complete block design randomized block and four replications, being three planting density (66,667.00, 52,282.00 and 33,333.00 plants ha-1) and two water sources associated with irrigation frequency of plates fixed on 3.5 mm per irrigation (Frequencies of 2.3 days with water tap and 7, 14 and 21 days with Sewage Effluent) and cactus cultivated in Rainfed agriculturerainfed (control). The analyze of the nutritional contents of cladodes indicated that there was a significant effect of the intervals from irrigation events only for Ca and Mg concentrations. The highest levels of Ca and Mg were found with the irrigation frequency of 2.3 using tap water. The macronutrients concentration in greater quantity by the forage cactus were N e, K followed by, Ca, Mg and P. The nutritional balance indicated excess of K and P and deficiency of N, Ca and Mg, in this order.

scholarly journals Yield and quality of lettuce cultivars irrigated with treated domestic sewage effluent

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 1089
Author(s):  
Eric Mateus Soares Dias ◽  
Nildo da Silva Dias ◽  
Francisco Vanies da Silva Sá ◽  
Cleyton dos Santos Fernandes ◽  
Daianni Ariane da Costa Ferreira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Reuse ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Domestic Sewage ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Sewage Effluent ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Domestic Effluent

Given the scarcity of water resources in semi-arid regions and the potential of water reuse as a strategy to solve this problem, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of domestic sewage effluent on growth, yield, and quality of two crisp lettuce cultivars. The research was carried out in greenhouse conditions utilizing an experimental design with randomized blocks in a 5 x 2 factorial scheme, with five concentrations from treated domestic effluent blended with tap water (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% of treated domestic effluent) and two crisp loose lettuce cultivars (Scarlet and Cristal) done in triplicate with five plants per trial. The lettuce plants were growth in trapezoid-shaped PVC channels filled with coconut fiber substrate and organic compost (2:1) for 35 days after transplanting. The experimental results indicated that irrigation with 30% sewage effluent diluted in tap water gives higher growth and yield of lettuce. The Cristal cultivar shows growth, soluble solids, and chlorophyll higher than the Scarlet cultivar. The application of treated domestic effluent does not affect the post-harvest quality of the lettuce to both cultivars.

scholarly journals Examining Recent Trends in the Racial Disparity Gap in Tap Water Consumption: NHANES 2011–2018

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Asher Y. Rosinger ◽  
Anisha I. Patel ◽  
Francesca Weaks
Keyword(s):  
Water Consumption ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Ethnic Disparities ◽  
Prevalence Ratio ◽  
Bottled Water ◽  
Water Crisis ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Us ◽  
Recent Trends ◽  
Nationally Representative

Abstract Objective As tap water distrust has grown in the US with greater levels among Black and Hispanic households, we aimed to examine recent trends in not drinking tap water including the period covering the US Flint Water Crisis and racial/ethnic disparities in these trends. Design Cross-sectional analysis. We used log-binomial regressions and marginal predicted probabilities examined US nationally-representative trends in tap and bottled water consumption overall and by race/ethnicity. Setting The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data, 2011–2018. Participants Nationally-representative sample of 9,439 children aged 2-19 and 17,268 adults. Results Among US children and adults, respectively, in 2017-2018 there was a 63% (adjusted prevalence ratio [PR]:1.63, 95%CI: 1.25-2.12, p<0.001) and 40% (PR:1.40, 95%CI: 1.16-1.69, p=0.001) higher prevalence of not drinking tap water compared to 2013-2014 (pre-Flint Water Crisis). For Black children and adults, the probability of not drinking tap water increased significantly from 18.1% (95%CI: 13.4-22.8) and 24.6% (95%CI: 20.7-28.4) in 2013–14 to 29.3% (95%CI: 23.5-35.1) and 34.5% (95%CI: 29.4-39.6) in 2017–2018. Among Hispanic children and adults, not drinking tap water increased significantly from 24.5% (95%CI: 19.4-29.6) and 27.1% (95%CI: 23.0-31.2) in 2013-14 to 39.7% (95%CI: 32.7-46.8) and 38.1% (95%CI: 33.0-43.1) in 2017-2018. No significant increases were observed among Asian or white persons between 2013-14 and 2017-18. Similar trends were found in bottled water consumption. Conclusions This study found persistent disparities in the tap water consumption gap from 2011–2018. Black and Hispanics’ probability of not drinking tap water increased following the Flint Water Crisis.

scholarly journals Disparities in plain, tap and bottled water consumption among US adults: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2007–2014

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (8) ◽  
pp. 1455-1464 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asher Y Rosinger ◽  
Kirsten A Herrick ◽  
Amber Y Wutich ◽  
Jonathan S Yoder ◽  
Cynthia L Ogden
Keyword(s):  
National Health ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Bottled Water ◽  
Plain Water ◽  
Nutrition Examination Survey ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Dietary Recall ◽  
Health And Nutrition

AbstractObjectiveDifferences in bottled v. tap water intake may provide insights into health disparities, like risk of dental caries and inadequate hydration. We examined differences in plain, tap and bottled water consumption among US adults by sociodemographic characteristics.DesignCross-sectional analysis. We used 24 h dietary recall data to test differences in percentage consuming the water sources and mean intake between groups using Wald tests and multiple logistic and linear regression models.SettingNational Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 2007–2014.SubjectsA nationally representative sample of 20 676 adults aged ≥20 years.ResultsIn 2011–2014, 81·4 (se 0·6) % of adults drank plain water (sum of tap and bottled), 55·2 (se 1·4) % drank tap water and 33·4 (se 1·4) % drank bottled water on a given day. Adjusting for covariates, non-Hispanic (NH) Black and Hispanic adults had 0·44 (95 % CI 0·37, 0·53) and 0·55 (95 % CI 0·45, 0·66) times the odds of consuming tap water, and consumed B=−330 (se 45) ml and B=−180 (se 45) ml less tap water than NH White adults, respectively. NH Black, Hispanic and adults born outside the fifty US states or Washington, DC had 2·20 (95 % CI 1·79, 2·69), 2·37 (95 % CI 1·91, 2·94) and 1·46 (95 % CI 1·19, 1·79) times the odds of consuming bottled water than their NH White and US-born counterparts. In 2007–2010, water filtration was associated with higher odds of drinking plain and tap water.ConclusionsWhile most US adults consumed plain water, the source (i.e. tap or bottled) and amount differed by race/Hispanic origin, nativity status and education. Water filters may increase tap water consumption.

scholarly journals Nutrient support via fertigation with domestic effluent and growth of cotton

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 1135
Author(s):  
Francisco Gonçalo Filho ◽  
Miguel Ferreira Neto ◽  
Cleyton dos Santos Fernandes ◽  
Francisco Vanies da Silva Sá ◽  
Nildo da Silva Dias ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Block Design ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Arid Environment ◽  
Domestic Sewage ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Cotton Plants ◽  
Phosphate Fertilization ◽  
Semi Arid Region ◽  
Domestic Effluent ◽  
Semi Arid

Because of climatic problems in the Brazilian semi-arid region, it is of fundamental importance to seek a culture that considers water scarcity and available natural resources. Thus, a randomized block design, with subdivided plots and six replications, was carried out in the experimental area of the treatment and wastewater reuse station of the Milagres Settlement, Apodi, Brazil, with the objective of evaluating cultivation of herbaceous cotton (Gossipyum hirsutum) fertigated with domestic sewage treated in a semi-arid environment. Two cultivation cycles were carried out, and the cotton plants were fed with three different solutions containing treated domestic sewage (TDE) plus supply water (PSW), to supply the crop evapotranspiration (ETc) (100% PSW – control, 50% PSW + 50% TDE and 100% TDE), with and without phosphate fertilization in pre-planting. The contribution of nutrients to the soil and plant growth were analyzed. The results indicated that the wastewater presents potential fertilizer, reaching to the soil amounts of some nutrients exceeding the cotton’s needs, when 100% of the ETc was supplied via fertigation with domestic effluent, resulting in an increase in the growth rates of the plants. There was no interaction between the percentages of wastewater and phosphate fertilization in pre-planting. Phosphorus alone promoted significant variation only in the first cycle, indicating that there is a residual fertigation effect with domestic effluent on the nutrient supply.

scholarly journals Drinking water consumption patterns in Canadian communities (2001–2007)

2011 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. Roche ◽  
A. Q. Jones ◽  
S. E. Majowicz ◽  
S. A. McEwen ◽  
K. D. M. Pintar
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Treatment Method ◽  
Pooled Analysis ◽  
Bottled Water ◽  
Consumption Patterns ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Water Users

A pooled analysis of seven cross-sectional studies from Newfoundland and Labrador, Waterloo and Hamilton Regions, Ontario and Vancouver, East Kootenay and Northern Interior Regions, British Columbia (2001 to 2007) was performed to investigate the drinking water consumption patterns of Canadians and to identify factors associated with the volume of tap water consumed. The mean volume of tap water consumed was 1.2 L/day, with a large range (0.03 to 9.0 L/day). In-home water treatment and interactions between age and gender and age and bottled water use were significantly associated with the volume of tap water consumed in multivariable analyses. Approximately 25% (2,221/8,916) of participants were classified as bottled water users, meaning that 75% or more of their total daily drinking water intake was bottled. Approximately 48.6% (4,307/8,799) of participants used an in-home treatment method to treat their tap water for drinking purposes. This study provides a broader geographic perspective and more current estimates of Canadian water consumption patterns than previous studies. The identified factors associated with daily water consumption could be beneficial for risk assessors to identify individuals who may be at greater risk of waterborne illness.

scholarly journals A community outbreak of Campylobacter jejuni infection from a chlorinated public water supply

2007 ◽  
Vol 135 (7) ◽  
pp. 1151-1158 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. RICHARDSON ◽  
D. Rh. THOMAS ◽  
R. M. M. SMITH ◽  
L. NEHAUL ◽  
C. D. RIBEIRO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Campylobacter Jejuni ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Population Attributable Risk ◽  
Public Water Supply ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Sporadic Cases ◽  
Maintenance And Inspection

SUMMARYAn outbreak of Campylobacter jejuni infection occurred in a South Wales Valleys housing estate. Illness in estate residents was associated with tap water consumption [population attributable risk (PAR) 50%, relative risk (RR) 2·53, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1·9–3·37] and residence in the upper estate (PAR 49%, RR 2·44, 95% CI 1·83–3·24). Amongst upper estate residents, rates of diarrhoeal illness increased with rates of water consumption (OR 18, 95% CI 3·5–92·4 for heaviest consumers, χ2 trend P<0·0001). The upper estate received mains water via a covered holding reservoir. A crack in the wall of the holding reservoir was identified. Contamination with surface water from nearby pasture land was the likely cause of this outbreak. Service reservoirs are common in rural communities and need regular maintenance and inspection. The role of water in sporadic cases of campylobacter enteritis may be underestimated.

Water Quality, Household Perceptions and Averting Behavior: Evidence from Nicaragua

2015 ◽  
Vol 01 (04) ◽  
pp. 1550011 ◽  
Author(s):  
William F. Vásquez ◽  
Pallab Mozumder ◽  
Dina Franceschi
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Bottled Water ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Quality Perceptions ◽  
Survey Results ◽  
Instrumental Variable Probit ◽  
Water Treatments

We investigate household perceptions of water quality and associated averting behaviors using household survey data from León, Nicaragua. Seemingly unrelated instrumental variable probit models are estimated to take the potential endogeneity of water quality perceptions and the relationship between different averting behaviors into account. Survey results indicate that a large majority of households use tap water for drinking purposes. Less than 26% of sampled households implement in-home water treatments and about 33% of households consume bottled water. Results indicate that observed averting behaviors (i.e., consumption of bottled water and in-home water treatments), or lack thereof, are primarily driven by the perceived quality of tap water. Findings also indicate that perceptions of water quality are associated with service performance and assessment of water quality relative to peers. Policy implications are discussed.

Acid production and base balance in patients on chronic haemodialysis

2001 ◽  
Vol 101 (4) ◽  
pp. 329-337 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. MIONI ◽  
M. GROPUZZO ◽  
M. MESSA ◽  
G. BOSCUTTI ◽  
A. D'ANGELO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acid Production ◽  
Alternative Hypothesis ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Chronic Haemodialysis ◽  
Normal Limits ◽  
Inorganic Cation ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Base Balance ◽  
Total Base

Acid generation and elimination processes were compared with total base (bicarbonate plus metabolizable anions) turnover in 18 anuric patients undergoing post-dilutional haemofiltration. The study was conducted during the second haemodialysis session of the week by means of a whole-body base balance technique. The results showed that the mean rates of base loss and base gain during dialysis did not differ (i.e. the dialysis base balance approximated to zero). The concurrent mean rate of intestinal base absorption was 66±26 mmol/2 days, as calculated from the whole-body balance of the various inorganic cation and anion differences in a metabolic steady state. This level of intestinal base absorption would be capable of neutralizing the 59±21 mmol of H+ ions/2 days that is contributed by sulphuric acid, which is the most important endogenous acid produced in anuric patients. In spite of the fact that intestinal base supply was adequate to neutralize endogenous acid production completely, our patients presented with pre-dialysis non-carbonic acidosis. The depression of plasma bicarbonate levels could not, however, be explained by increased concentrations of the anion gap and organic acids, which were within normal limits both before and after dialysis. We suggest as an alternative hypothesis that this pre-dialysis acidosis may represent an isotonic dilution acidosis that is induced by the ingestion of base-free tap water in order for plasma tonicity to be protected from the accumulation of impermeant dietary solutes, which takes place during the interdialysis period in anuric patients.

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