Leishmaniasis in HIV-infected patients: difficulties in diagnostics and treatment

Author(s):  
М.В. Нагибина ◽  
А.И. Мазус ◽  
Н.А. Смирнов ◽  
Т.П. Бессараб ◽  
Н.Н. Мартынова ◽  
...  

В статье представлены клинические случаи лейшманиоза, которые проанализированы в контексте течения ВИЧ-инфекции, при которой лейшманиоз выступает в роли оппортунистического заболевания. Дана общая характеристика лейшманиоза, а также отмечены особенности течения этой инфекции на фоне приобретенного иммунодефицита. Рассмотрены вопросы диагностики и лечения лейшманиоза, смертность при котором остается достаточно высокой. Значительная распространенность ВИЧ-инфекции в мире, ежегодно увеличивающийся туристический поток в эндемичные страны, а также увеличение эндемичных очагов на территории РФ в связи с присоединением Республики Крым требуют от врачей всех специальностей пристального внимания и настороженности в отношении лейшманиоза. Особое внимание заслуживают больные ВИЧ-инфекцией, уже имеет место ряд сообщений о том, что у инфицированных ВИЧ диагностируется висцеральный лейшманиоз, и они подвергаются бóльшему риску инфицирования, чем общая популяция. Проявления висцерального лейшманиоза среди пациентов с иммунодефицитом, как правило, не отличаются от классического течения, однако в зависимости от степени угнетения иммунитета болезнь может принимать атипичные формы, что затрудняет своевременную диагностику и назначение адекватной терапии. При наличии у больного ВИЧ-инфекции, длительной лихорадки неправильного типа, увеличения лимфоузлов, селезенки, печени, потери веса > 10%, прогрессирующей анемии, нейтропении, тромбоцитопении, гипоальбуминемии и данных о пребывании в регионах, эндемичных по лейшманиозу, целесообразно обследование на висцеральный лейшманиоз – пункция костного мозга с окраской мазков по Романовскому – Гимзе, постановкой ПЦР-пунктата с использованием тест-системы на лейшманиоз, а при получении положительных результатов – назначение препаратов пятивалентной сурьмы, препаратов второго ряда – амфотерицина В, липосомального амфотерицина В или паромомицина. In this article, leishmaniasis is considered in the context of HIV infection, in which this disease appears to be an opportunistic. A general characteristic of leishmaniasis is given, and the features of the course of infection in immunodeficiency are also presented. In the example of clinical cases, issues featuring diagnostics and treatment of leishmaniasis are reviewed, the mortality rate of which remains quite high. The accession of Crimea to Russia, the high prevalence of HIV infection in the world, as well as the annually increasing tourist flow to endemic countries, require physicians of all specialties to be aware of this disease. HIV patients deserve special attention, there are already a number of reports that people with HIV are diagnosed with visceral leishmaniasis and are at greater risk of infection than the general population. The manifestations of visceral leishmaniasis among patients with immunodeficiency, as a rule, do not differ from the classical course, however, depending on the degree of suppression of immunity, the disease can take on atypical forms, which complicates timely diagnosis and the appointment of adequate therapy. If the patient has HIV infection, prolonged fever of the wrong type, enlarged lymph nodes, spleen, liver, weight loss > 10%, progressive anemia, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, hypoalbuminemia and data on stay in regions endemic for leishmaniasis, it is advisable to be tested for visceral leishmaniasis – puncture of bone marrow with staining of smears according to Romanovsky – Giemsa, staging of PCR punctate using a test system for leishmaniasis, and if positive results are obtained, the appointment of pentavalent antimony drugs, second-line drugs – amphotericin B, liposomal amphotericin B or paromomycin.

2002 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 629-633 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mácia A. Santos ◽  
Raynério C. Marques ◽  
Carolinne A. Farias ◽  
Danielle M. Vasconcelos ◽  
Jay M. Stewart ◽  
...  

Although treatment of visceral leishmaniasis with pentavalent antimony is usually successful, some patients require second-line drug therapy, most commonly with amphotericin B. To identify the clinical characteristics that predict an inadequate response to pentavalent antimony, a case-control study was undertaken in Teresina, Piaui, Brazil. Over a two-year period, there were 19 cases of VL in which the staff physicians of a hospital prescribed second-line therapy with amphotericin B after determining that treatment with pentavalent antimony had failed. The control group consisted of 97 patients that were successfully treated with pentavalent antimony. A chart review using univariate and multivariate analysis was performed. The cure rate was 90% with amphotericin B. The odds ratio for the prescription of amphotericin B was 10.2 for children less than one year old, compared with individuals aged over 10 years. Patients who presented coinfection had an OR of 7.1 while those on antibiotics had an OR of 2.8. These data support either undertaking a longer course of therapy with pentavalent antimony for children or using amphotericin B as a first-line agent for children and individuals with coinfections. It also suggests that chemoprophylaxis directed toward bacterial coinfection in small children with VL may be indicated.


2013 ◽  
Vol 52 (192) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajesh Kumar Jha ◽  
Ajit Kumar Sah ◽  
Dev Kumar Shah ◽  
Phoolgen Sah

Visceral leishmaniasis is the disease of poor; however availability of only expensive treatment of this disease impinges the socioeconomic condition of those affected. If untreated, almost all cases of visceral leishmaniasis are fatal. The demonstration of the leishmania donovani bodies from the tissue aspirates or serological tests confirms the diagnosis of the disease. Pentavalent antimony, amphotericin B, paromomycin, diamine pentamidine, miltefosine, sitamaquine and some new combinations are integrated in the limited therapeutic armoury for treatment of visceral leishmaniasis. The recommended first and second line therapy in the Indian sub-continent is miltefosine and amphotericin B respectively.Pentavalent antimonial, preceding first line therapy, has been replaced by miltefosine due to former increasing failure rate and toxicity.The problem of drug resistance, some of the serious drug toxicities along with high-priced drugs extends challenges equally to pharmaceutical companies and medical practitioners.More research on adverse drug events for the existing drugs and efforts to develop safer and effective drugs to counter resistance outbreaks for the successful management of visceral leishmaniasis are needed.  Keywords: amphotericin; miltefosine; pentavalent antimony; paromomycin.    


2006 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 357-364 ◽  
Author(s):  
Koert Ritmeijer ◽  
Abren Dejenie ◽  
Yibeltal Assefa ◽  
Tadesse Beyene Hundie ◽  
Jo Mesure ◽  
...  

2005 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.A. Kafetzis ◽  
I.M. Velissariou ◽  
S. Stabouli ◽  
M. Mavrikou ◽  
D. Delis ◽  
...  

BMJ Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. e042519
Author(s):  
Sophie I Owen ◽  
Sakib Burza ◽  
Shiril Kumar ◽  
Neena Verma ◽  
Raman Mahajan ◽  
...  

IntroductionHIV coinfection presents a challenge for diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis (VL). Invasive splenic or bone marrow aspiration with microscopic visualisation of Leishmania parasites remains the gold standard for diagnosis of VL in HIV-coinfected patients. Furthermore, a test of cure by splenic or bone marrow aspiration is required as patients with VL-HIV infection are at a high risk of treatment failure. However, there remain financial, implementation and safety costs to these invasive techniques which severely limit their use under field conditions.Methods and analysisWe aim to evaluate blood and skin qPCR, peripheral blood buffy coat smear microscopy and urine antigen ELISA as non-invasive or minimally invasive alternatives for diagnosis and post-treatment test of cure for VL in HIV-coinfected patients in India, using a sample of 91 patients with parasitologically confirmed symptomatic VL-HIV infection.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval for this study has been granted by The Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, The Institute of Tropical Medicine in Antwerp, the University of Antwerp and the Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Science in Patna. Any future publications will be published in open access journals.Trial registration numberCTRI/2019/03/017908.


1990 ◽  
Vol 66 (779) ◽  
pp. 789-790 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Lafeuillade ◽  
R. Quilichini ◽  
C. Dhiver ◽  
C. Mary ◽  
J. A. Gastaut

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