scholarly journals THE HISTORY OF THE FORMATION OF THE CONCEPT OF MULTICULTURALISM

2021 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Akmaral Uteshova ◽  
◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Cultural Orientation ◽  
The United States ◽  
European Culture ◽  
Frequent Use ◽  
Cultural Movements ◽  
Social Difficulties ◽  
History Of

The article examines the emergence and formation of the concept of" multiculturalism", as well as its frequent use in scientific and public texts. In connection with the concept of" Multiculturalism", the definitions and views presented in the works of Russian and foreign scientists are presented. Various definitions of this concept analyze its uncertain political and cultural orientation. In this regard, the concept of "Multiculturalism" is interpreted in different media and in different audiences, which, in turn, requires a detailed study of this issue. In addition, it is characteristic that the concept of "multiculturalism" was formed in the classical immigration countries of the United States, Canada, and Australia, which is associated with the development of ethno-cultural movements, and as the main form of multiculturalism in European countries. The emergence of multiculturalism in Western Europe is associated with the historical era of colonial countries compared to countries of cultural immigration. The ideology of multiculturalism in the countries of Western Europe is supported by the spread of liberal values, which make us think about the ineffectiveness of modern Western European culture. The reason for this is that multiculturalism in Europe has a debt and coercive policy. This term appears and is discussed in many discussions when it comes to immigration and social difficulties, the lack of disagreement and cooperation in modern society, the crisis of the modern model of the state.

scholarly journals A Companion to the History of the Book, 2nd edition. Simon Eliot and Jonathan Rose, eds.

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 40
Author(s):  
Jessie Sherwood
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Book History ◽  
The United States ◽  
History Of The Book ◽  
Narrow Focus ◽  
History Of

When he declared, “the physical book really has had a 500-year run” in a 2009 interview, Jeff Bezos might well be forgiven for thinking that the book began with Gutenberg. Histories of the book have tended to give the impression that it emerged with movable type and existed largely, if not exclusively, in Mainz, New York, London, Paris, Venice, and environs. The first edition to A Companion to the History of the Book, first published in 2007, was a welcome, albeit modest, corrective to this narrow focus. While the bulk of its attention was on print in Western Europe and the United States, it incorporated chapters on manuscripts, books in Asia and Latin America, and the Hebraic and Islamic traditions, broadening the scope of book history both chronologically and geographically.

African American Fraternal Associations in American History: An Introduction

2004 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 355-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joe W. Trotter
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
American Revolution ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Voluntary Associations ◽  
The United States ◽  
Alexis De Tocqueville ◽  
American Democracy ◽  
Social Authority ◽  
History Of ◽  
American Society

The growth of black fraternal associations is closely intertwined with the larger history of voluntary associations in American society. In the aftermath of the American Revolution, compared to its European counterparts, the United States soon gained a reputation as “a nation of joiners.” As early as the 1830s, the Frenchman Alexis de Tocqueville described the proliferation of voluntary associations as a hallmark of American democracy. In his view, such associations distinguished America from the more hierarchically organized societies of Western Europe. “The citizen of the United States,” Tocqueville (1947 [1835]: 109) declared, “is taught from his earliest infancy to rely upon his own exertions in order to resist the evils and the difficulties of life; he looks upon social authority with an eye of mistrust and anxiety, and he only claims its assistance when he is quite unable to shift without it.” Near the turn of the twentieth century, a writer for theNorth American Reviewdescribed the final decades of the nineteenth century as the “Golden Age of Fraternity” (Harwood 1897).

History

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellen Rutten
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
The United States ◽  
Transnational History ◽  
World War ◽  
Classical Studies ◽  
History Of ◽  
Soviet Russia

This chapter traces the transnational history of sincerity rhetoric, with particular emphasis on those traditions within older debates that inform and shape today's sincerity concerns. Linking Henri Peyre and Lionel Trilling's classical studies to recent research into sincerity rhetoric, the chapter considers discursive historical threads that prevail in contemporary readings of the term especially (although not only) in Russia. It explores the historical roots of the three thematic interconnections that dominate contemporary sincerity talk: sincerity and memory, sincerity and commodification, and sincerity and media. It also discusses the notion that contemporary views of sincerity are sociopolitically defined, skeptical by default, and media specific; how idiosyncratic they are for post-Soviet Russia; and how post-Soviet takes on sincerity use and revise historical and non-Russian readings of sincerity. Finally, it describes how sincerity emerged as a concern for cultural critics in mid-twentieth-century Western Europe and the United States, especially after World War II.

Coda

2018 ◽  
pp. 167-168
Author(s):  
Lindsay Kaplan
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
White Supremacy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Western Society ◽  
Theological Discourse ◽  
History Of ◽  
White Supremacists ◽  
Contemporary Western Society

In focusing on a medieval theological discourse of figural slavery, this book demonstrates the racist force of the construction of inferior identities for Jews, Muslims, and Africans. Although these groups occupy complexly different positions in contemporary Western society, the medieval linkages between them nevertheless help us understand the recent rise in nationalism and white supremacism both in the United States and Europe. White supremacists and the alt-right have expressly drawn on medieval tropes and phrases to fabricate a notion of originary medieval Christian whiteness that they aspire to recreate in the contemporary moment. While no apparent rationale organizes white supremacists’ animus against blacks, Muslims, and Jews, the history of the ideology of white supremacy can be traced back to medieval Western Europe, when the concept of Christian superiority, often coded as white, opposed itself to an imagined infidel inferiority that correlated Jews, Muslims, and Africans.

American Social Catholicism and the US Economy

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew A. Shadle
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
The United States ◽  
Social Thought ◽  
Catholic Social Thought ◽  
Catholic Worker ◽  
Us Economy ◽  
Vatican Council ◽  
History Of ◽  
American Catholic

After the Second Vatican Council, Catholics in the United States played an increasingly important role in shaping Catholic social thought on the economy. This chapter looks at the history of American Catholic social thought, including that of John A. Ryan, the Catholic Worker movement, and the Association of Catholic Trade Unionists. It also examines the major institutions of the United States, comparing them to the economic systems in Western Europe. The chapter examines the economic crisis of the 1970s, which brought the economic order of the postwar decades to an end and ushered in the era of Reaganomics, which demanded new responses from Catholics.

Sectoral conflict and foreign economic policy, 1914–1940

1988 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeff Frieden
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
International Economic ◽  
Foreign Policy ◽  
World War I ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
The United States ◽  
World Politics ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Foreign Economic Policy ◽  
History Of

The period from 1914 to 1940 is one of the most crucial and enigmatic in modern world history, and in the history of modern U.S. foreign policy. World War I catapulted the United States into international economic and political leadership, yet in the aftermath of the war, despite grandiose Wilsonian plans, the United States quickly lapsed into relative disregard for events abroad: it did not join the League of Nations, disavowed responsibility for European reconstruction, would not participate openly in many international economic conferences, and restored high levels of tariff protection for the domestic market. Only in the late 1930s and 1940s, after twenty years of bitter battles over foreign policy, did the United States move to center stage of world politics and economics: it built the United Nations and a string of regional alliances, underwrote the rebuilding of Western Europe, almost single-handedly constructed a global monetary and financial system, and led the world in commercial liberalization.

The French Connection: An Uncertain Factor in Soviet Relations with Western Europe

1985 ◽  
Vol 481 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARIE MENDRAS
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
The United States ◽  
Political Climate ◽  
Bilateral Relations ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Socialist Government ◽  
Uncertain Factor ◽  
History Of

France's long relationship with the Soviet Union has varied according to the political climate. The crucial factors in the French-Soviet relationship are the state of U.S.-Soviet affairs and Moscow's objectives in Western Europe. Mendras reviews the history of French-Soviet relations from the de Gaulle years. By the early 1970s, she argues, détente with the United States and the recognition of postwar borders in central Europe reduced the instrumentality and priority of France in Soviet policy. In the 1980s, as their relations with the United States deteriorated, the Soviets took a renewed interest in France. But the Socialist government in Paris, more critical of the USSR than were its predecessors, has developed a policy that the Soviets denigrate as “Europeanist” and “Atlantist” and no longer truly independent. Although recent events have made the French leadership more receptive to the Soviet Union, bilateral relations will remain essentially a diplomatic ritual.

scholarly journals Inventing “Populism”: Notes for the Genealogy of a Paranoid Concept

Genealogy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 2
Author(s):  
Damiano Palano
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
United States ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
The United States ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
Theoretical Category ◽  
Popular Party

This article proposes a “genealogical” rereading of the concept of “populism”. Following the idea of “genealogical” analysis that was suggested by Michel Foucault, the aim is to show the “political” logic of the reinvention of the concept of “populism”, which was carried out between the 1950s and 1960s by the social sciences in the United States. First, this contribution reconstructs the history of the concept, identifying five different phases: (1) Russian populism of the late nineteenth century; (2) the Popular Party in the United States; (3) the Perón and Vargas regimes in Argentina and Brazil, respectively; (4) the reformulation carried out by the social sciences in the 1950s and 1960s; and (5) the subsequent extension of the concept to Western Europe. It is argued that the decisive turning point took place in the 1950s when the social sciences “grouped” the traits of heterogeneous movements into a single theoretical category.

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