scholarly journals Homeopathic Potencies vary from each other with respect to relative proportions of free and bound water molecules

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (47) ◽  
pp. 121-121
Author(s):  
Nirmal Chandra Sukul ◽  
Indrani Chakraborty ◽  
Soumita Datta ◽  
Anirban Sukul
Keyword(s):  
Absorption Spectra ◽  
Ethanol Concentration ◽  
Pure Water ◽  
Molar Fraction ◽  
Free Water ◽  
Difference Spectrum ◽  
Ftir Spectra ◽  
Water Molecules ◽  
Drug Molecules ◽  
The Difference

ABSTRACT Homeopathic potencies 12CH and above cross the Avogadro number, and as such do not contain any original drug molecules in their aqueous ethanol medium. It is thought H-bonded water structures preserved by ethanol carry the information of initial drug molecules. Potentized drugs show some differences with respect to their infrared (IR) absorption spectra. In a water-ethanol solution, free water molecules vary according the concentration of ethanol. In the present study the concentration of ethanol has been kept constant at 0.03 molar fraction in 6 different homeopathic potencies. To see whether different homeopathic potencies having fixed ethanol content show variation in free water molecules. Two potencies like 8CH and 32CH of three homeopathic drugs Natrum mur, Cantharis and Nux vomica were used in the study, and their ethanol concentration was kept fixed at 0.03 molar fraction. The control was considered to be aquous ethanol at the same concentration. Spectrum of pure water was also taken. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) absorption spectra were obtained in the wave number region of 4000 – 2800 cm-1. The half-width at half-maximum was measured for each spectrum. The intensity of each spectrum was normalized at 3410 cm-1 close to the peak. The difference spectrum (absorbance of drug solution – absorbance of pure water) for each drug and the control was obtained. FTIR spectra showed variation in absorbance intensity on both the high and low frequency side of the O-H stretching band in different drugs as well as the control. The C-H stretching band of 2977 cm-1 also showed variation in intensity in different drugs. In the difference spectra the absorbance intensity at the dip at 3630 cm-1 varied in different drugs and the control. The decrease in intensity at 3630 cm-1 and subsequent rise in intensity at lower frequency region represent the level of free water molecules and strong alcoholic O-H band around 3250 cm-1, respectively. The drug and the control solutions show distinct variation in their FTIR spectra. The drugs have different levels of bound and free water molecules although their ethanol concentration is same. Keywords-Homeopathic potencies, FTIR spectra, free water molecules, intensity and difference spectrum.

scholarly journals Free water molecules and hydrogen bonding form the basis of variation in homeopathic potencies as revealed by vibrational spectroscopy

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 08-15
Author(s):  
Tandra Sarkar ◽  
Atheni Konar ◽  
Nirmal Chandra Sukul ◽  
Anirban Sukul ◽  
Indrani Chakraborty ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Bonding ◽  
Free Water ◽  
Difference Spectrum ◽  
Wave Number ◽  
Water Molecules ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Half Maximum ◽  
Difference Spectra ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Wave Number Region

Objective: Using Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) we have demonstrated that homeopathic potencies of Natrum mur, Cantharis, Nux vomica and Sulphur show differences with respect to the number of free water molecules and strength of hydrogen bonding. The purpose of the present study is to confirm this phenomenon in three potencies of two more drugs Calcarea carb and Silicea. Design: The potencies used for each of the two drugs were 30cH, 200cH and 1000cH. The control was 90% ethanol as also the potentized drugs. The control, as well as the potencies, were diluted with distilled water to reduce the level of ethanol to 0.03 molar fraction in each of them. FTIR spectra of all the potentized drugs, control and sterile distilled water (reference water) were taken in the wave number region of 4000-2800 cm-1. The full width at half maximum (fwhm) of OH band was measured for each spectrum. The width was divided into two in the middle. The difference spectrum (absorbance of drug solution - absorbance of reference water) for each potency and the control was obtained after normalization of the spectrum at 3410 cm-1. One difference spectrum so obtained for a potency was subtracted from another to find out if there is a difference between two different potencies. Results: The half width half maximum (hwhm) in both the high and low-frequency sides of the OH band is far less narrow in potencies than in the control as compared to that in water. The difference spectra for different potencies show different levels of fall in intensity at the wave number region of dip at 3630 cm-1. The level of dip at 3630 cm-1 and subsequent rise in intensity in the lower frequency region represent the quantity of free water molecules and strong alcoholic OH bond around 3250 cm-1, respectively. The results of subtraction between two different potencies are not zero but have marked positive or negative values. Conclusion (i) Potencies have stronger intermolecular interactions and a higher number of chemical environments than the control, as revealed by the data on hwhm. (ii) The three potencies of each of the two drugs show distinct variation in the number of free water molecules and strength of hydrogen bonding. (iii) There exists both inter-drug and inter-potency variation as revealed by the difference spectra and results of subtraction between two difference spectra.

Fractionation of Hydrogen Isotopes in Aqueous Lithium Chloride Solutions

1988 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 449-453 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masahisa Kakiuchi
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Isotope ◽  
Isotope Effect ◽  
Lithium Chloride ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Platinum Catalyst ◽  
Pure Water ◽  
Free Water ◽  
Hydrogen Gas ◽  
Water Molecules ◽  
Chloride Solutions

The D/H ratio of hydrogen gas in equilibrium with water vapor over aqueous lithium chloride solutions was measured at 25 °C, using a hydrophobic platinum catalyst. Experimental details are described. The hydrogen isotope effect between the solution and pure water depends linearly on the LiCl concentration up to ca. 12 m, and at higher concentrations a marked deviation from linearity takes place, as was also observed for the oxygen isotope effect measured by Bopp et al. On the basis of these hydrogen and oxygen isotope effects it is concluded that H218O is enriched in the water molecules coordinated to Li+ ions and HD16O is enriched in the free water molecules of the solution. The observed deviation from linearity for concentrations higher than ca. 12m is interpreted in terms of structural changes in the hydration sphere of the Li+ ions.

MOLECULAR DYNAMICS SIMULATION ON THE STRUCTURE AND DYNAMICS OF WATER IN THE 1-BUTYL-3-METHYLIMIDAZOLIUM TETRAFLUOROBORATE/WATER MIXTURE

2010 ◽  
Vol 09 (03) ◽  
pp. 573-584 ◽  
Author(s):  
GUOCAI TIAN ◽  
JIAN LI
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Dynamics ◽  
Molecular Dynamics Simulation ◽  
Pure Water ◽  
Molar Fraction ◽  
Blue Shift ◽  
Dynamics Simulation ◽  
Water Molecules ◽  
Water Mixture ◽  
Structure And Dynamics ◽  
Hydrogen Bond Interactions

The micro-structure, and IR spectrum of water molecules in 1-butyl-3-methylimi- dazolium tetrafluoroborate( [Bmim]BF4 )/water mixture with different concentrations (x1 = 25.0%, 50.0%, 75.0%, and 90.0%) were studied with molecular dynamics simulation at room temperature. It was shown that water molecules tend to be isolated from each other in mixtures with more ions than water molecules in pure water. With the increase of the molar fraction of water in the mixture, the rotation bands and the bending bands of water display red shift from 566.2 to 651.4 cm-1 and from 1638.4 to 1683.2 cm-1 respectively, whereas the O–H stretch bands show blue shift from 3519.8 to 3452 cm-1, which agree well with the experimental results. This suggests that the molecules are hindered and their motions are difficult and slow, due to the hydrogen-bond interactions and the inharmonic interactions between the inter- or intra-molecular modes of water molecules.

scholarly journals Dielectrometry of hydration of fl avin mononucleotide and DNA

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 46-53
Author(s):  
V. Kashpur ◽  
◽  
O. Khorunzhaya ◽  
D. Pesina ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Bound Water ◽  
Free Water ◽  
Dna Interaction ◽  
Flavin Mononucleotide ◽  
Water Molecules ◽  
Extremely High Frequency ◽  
Aqueous Solvent ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Solvent Molecules

Subject and Purpose. The elucidation of the molecular mechanisms of action of biomolecules is necessary for the development of state-of-the-art means of diagnosing and treatment. Dielectric studies in the millimeter wave range are effective for puzzling out the nature of the interaction of biomolecules with a surrounding aqueous solvent. Flavin mononucleotide (FMN), which can kill microorganisms and destroy cancer cells, is of particular interest. The aim of the work is to recognize hydration effects (changes in the state of water molecules) in FMN solutions. Methods and Methodology. The complex dielectric permittivity (CDP) is measured in the EHF range. Knowing the difference between the CDP of FMN solution and the CDP of water we find the difference, D es , between the effective dielectric permittivities in terms of the Debye theory of polar liquids. Since the relaxation time of dipoles of bound water is one or two orders of magnitude longer than that of free water, the amount of the difference D es characterizes the hydration of biomolecules. At low concentrations, this difference is proportional to the number of bound water molecules. Results. It has been shown that approximately18 water molecules are bound to the FMN molecule. Groups of atoms as the most probable hydration centers (primarily due to the hydrogen bonds) have been indicated. As the pH decreases, the number of water molecules bound to the Flavin mononucleotide increases to 21. The study of the FMN–DNA solution has shown that one nucleotide accounts for 25–26 bound water molecules in total. However, composing hydration numbers assumes a quantity of components less than 20. An assumption is made that the additional components are due to the cooperative nature of the hydration, leading to the fact that even if some solvent molecules do not come into a direct contact with hydration centers, they are under the influence of biomolecules all the same. Conclusion. Extremely-high-frequency dielectrometry is an effective method of research into the interaction of biomolecules with a water-ionic solvent. A FMN hydration model has been proposed, which indicates probable hydration centers and tells a measure of their effect on the solvent. It has been found that the FMN with DNA interaction increases the number of bound water molecules per one nucleotide of the DNA. The obtained results have been compared to the existing models of the DNA with FMN interaction.

scholarly journals Vibrational and Raman spectroscopy provide further evidence in support of free OH groups and hydrogen bond strength underlying difference in two more drugs at ultra high dilutions

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 2-10
Author(s):  
Tandra Sarkar ◽  
Atheni Konar ◽  
Nirmal Chandra Sukul ◽  
Achintya Singha ◽  
Anirban Sukul
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Bond ◽  
Bond Strength ◽  
Raman Spectra ◽  
Free Water ◽  
Wave Number ◽  
Water Molecules ◽  
Oh Groups ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Hydrogen Bond Strength ◽  
The Difference

Objective: To confirm that free water molecules and hydrogen bond strength of OH groups underlie difference between two homeopathic drugs at ultrahigh dilution (UHD). Method: FTIR and Laser Raman spectra of UHDs of X-ray and Magnetis Poli Ambo were obtained in the wave number regions of 2400-4000 cm-1 and 2400-4200 cm-1, respectively. Mother tincture (MT) were prepared by exposing ethanol water to X-radiation for X-ray and magnetic field for Magnetis. Spectra of the reference water and the three UHDs of Ethanol were also taken. All the samples were in water-ethanol solution in which the ethanol content was 25%. For FTIR the difference spectrum (absorbance of a UHD minus absorbance of reference water) was obtained after normalization of the spectrum at 3410 cm-1. For Raman spectra the intensity ratio at vibration frequencies between 3200 and 3420 cm-1 (R1), and that between 3620 and 3420 cm-1 (R2), were calculated for each UHD. The intensity at 3600 cm-1 in the difference spectra (FTIR) represents the number of free water molecules in UHDs. R2 values in Raman scattering suggest the same thing. Results: The data in both cases follow almost a similar pattern of difference among the UHDs studied here. For example, X-ray: FTIR 14

Application of phenyl salicylate-sepiolite systems as ultraviolet radiation filters

Clay Minerals ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 467-474 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. del Hoyo ◽  
M. A. Vicente ◽  
V. Rives
Keyword(s):  
Ultraviolet Radiation ◽  
Chemical Change ◽  
Free Water ◽  
Water Molecules ◽  
Phenyl Salicylate ◽  
Thermogravimetric Analyses ◽  
Drug Molecules ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Pure Drug

AbstractThe interaction between phenyl salicylate and sepiolite has been studied using drugclay systems obtained by melting and grinding. The samples have been characterized by powder Xray diffraction, differential thermal and thermogravimetric analyses, and Vis-UV and FT-IR spectroscopies. ‘Free’ water molecules are steadily substituted by the drug molecules, without any chemical change as shown by FT-IR. The systems prepared improved the protecting ability of the pure sepiolite or the pure drug against ultraviolet radiation, especially in the so-called ‘C’ range (290-190 nm).

scholarly journals Water Activity

2012 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 565-569 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. F. Nielsen ◽  
M. Bilde ◽  
M. Frosch
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Vapor Pressure ◽  
Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Vapour Pressure ◽  
Pure Water ◽  
Free Water ◽  
Water Molecules ◽  
Pressure Measurements ◽  
Metabolic Activities ◽  
Vapor Pressure Measurements

Microorganisms require water for their metabolic activities. Only a fraction of water in foodstuffs, the so-called free water, is available for this purpose. The amounts of free water previously estimated by two different methods (Frosch et al. (2010), Frosch et al. (2011), and Low (1969)) are compared for aqueous solutions of four electrolytes, NaCl, NH4Cl, Na2SO4, (NH4)2SO4: (i) vapour pressure measurements of the solutions relative to that of pure water (water activities) and (ii) low-wavenumber Raman spectra in the R(ν)-representation. For each electrolyte deviations were found between results from the two methods. All water molecules in the illuminated volume contribute to the Raman data. The vapor pressure measurements refer to water molecules at the water/atmosphere interface where surface tension is important. Differences in surface tension for the four electrolytes qualitatively explain deviations between the amounts of “free water” observed by the two methods.

BOUND WATER, INOSITOL, AND THE EFFECT OF X-RAYS ON ESCHERICHIA COLI

1964 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 877-885 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. J. Webb ◽  
M. D. Dumasia
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Bound Water ◽  
Free Water ◽  
Sharp Decrease ◽  
Water Molecules ◽  
X Rays ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Water Layers ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Escherichia Coli B

Aerosols of Escherichia coli B were subjected to 250 kv X-rays. It was found that maximal X-ray damage occurred at 70 to 80% relative humidity (R.H.). At these R.H. values only the water bound directly to cell macromolecules remains, and if the water layers were increased by using higher humidities, X-ray damage decreased. Also, at R.H. levels below 70% a sharp decrease in the sensitivity of the cells to the radiation occurred. Several chemicals known to protect cells against desiccation, ultraviolet, and X-ray damage were examined and of these i-inositol proved the most successful. The difference in the protective ability of these various compounds indicated that some protect cells against desiccation damage by retaining water, others by replacing bound-water molecules in macromolecular structure but those retaining water will not protect against X-rays. The results suggest that the physical removal or ionization of a strategic bound-water molecule by X-rays causes most of the cell deaths rather than ionizations occurring in the free water as the presence of the latter appears to offer cells a measure of protection.

Corrections to the Baseline Distortions in the OH-Stretch Region of Aqueous Solutions

1994 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wolfgang B. Fischer ◽  
Hans H. Eysel ◽  
Ole F. Nielsen ◽  
John E. Bertie
Keyword(s):  
Raman Scattering ◽  
Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Raman Spectra ◽  
Pure Water ◽  
Water Molecules ◽  
Ir Absorption ◽  
Difference Spectra ◽  
Dilute Aqueous Solutions ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Sulfuric Acid Solutions

The intensity gains or intensity losses of the OH-stretch vibrations and their changes of band shapes as observed in IR or Raman spectra of dilute aqueous solutions of carboxylic acids, amino acids, and amines were able to be simulated. The difference spectra of the type {sample solution} – {standard} x {empirical factor} displayed essentially flat baselines throughout the OH-stretch region of isotropic Raman scattering. Peaks of the solute spectra which had been hidden by the OH-stretch contour emerged from the background. At concentrations below 1 M, pure water was the standard. Distortions of the isotropic Raman spectra at higher solute concentrations (1 M to 4 M) could be mimicked by phosphoric acid or sulfuric acid solutions as standards. The influence of solutes on the reorientational motions of water molecules made baseline corrections of anisotropic Raman scattering and IR absorption of the more concentrated solutions difficult, if not impossible.

Temperature and concentration dependence of equivalent conductivity in Ca(NO3)2-CaI2-H2O system

1980 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 1639-1645 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jindřich Novák ◽  
Ivo Sláma
Keyword(s):  
Linear Function ◽  
Concentration Dependence ◽  
Mole Fraction ◽  
Constant Temperature ◽  
Salt Concentration ◽  
Free Water ◽  
Water Molecules ◽  
Equivalent Conductivity ◽  
Calcium Salts ◽  
Fraction I

The dependence of the equivalent conductivity on the temperature and composition of the Ca(NO3)2-CaI2-H2O system was studied. The ionic fraction [I-]/([I-] + [NO-3]) was changed from 0.1 to 0.5, the mole fraction of calcium salts (assumed in anhydrous form in the presence of free water molecules) was 0.075-0.200. The equivalent conductivity was found to be a linear function of the ionic fraction at constant temperature and salt concentration.

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