How to reason about religious beliefs

DIALOGO ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 179-193
Author(s):  
Daniele Bertini
Keyword(s):  
Religious Beliefs ◽  
Religious Diversity ◽  
Empirical Modeling ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Epistemic View

Intractable disagreements are commonly analyzed in terms of the semantic opposition of (at least) couples of disputed beliefs (purely epistemic view, from here on PEV). While such a view seems to be a very natural starting point, my intuitions are that such an approach is misleadingly unrealistic, and that an empirical modeling towards how individuals hold beliefs in intractable opposition constitutes a strong defeater for PEV. My work addresses disagreements within the religious domain. Accordingly, I will be concerned with developing my empirical understanding of religious beliefs, and will show the consequences of such proposal on how to answer the problem of religious diversity.

The study of religious diversity in the Czech lands—diversity in academic studies of religions

Human Affairs ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dušan Lužný
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
Religious Beliefs ◽  
Religious Pluralism ◽  
Religious Diversity ◽  
Religious Groups ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Czech Society ◽  
Czech Lands

AbstractThis article attempts to summarize some of the experiences and methodological insights gained from research on non-traditional religious groups that the author has conducted over the last twenty years, primarily in Czech society. The starting point for these studies is respect for the principle that it is not possible to approach the study of religious pluralism and diversity from a single predetermined conceptual framework-religious diversity requires diverse approaches. However, within the diversity approach there exist some common principles such as respect for the religious beliefs of respondents and the elimination of personal stereotypes and ethnocentrism.

scholarly journals Robert Boyle and the representation of imperceptible entities

2017 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
ALEXANDER WRAGGE-MORLEY
Keyword(s):  
Religious Beliefs ◽  
Natural Philosophy ◽  
Natural Theology ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Science And Religion ◽  
Robert Boyle ◽  
Representational Practices ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Senses ◽  
Scientific Ideas

AbstractIn this essay, I examine Robert Boyle's strategies for making imperceptible entities accessible to the senses. It is well known that, in his natural philosophy, Boyle confronted the challenge of making imperceptible particles of matter into objects of sensory experience. It has never been noted, however, that Boyle confronted a strikingly similar challenge in his natural theology – he needed to make an equally imperceptible God accessible to the senses. Taking this symmetrical difficulty as my starting point, I propose a new approach to thinking about the interconnections between Boyle's natural philosophy and natural theology. For the most part, studies of science and religion in the early modern period work by seeking out the influence of explicitly stated religious beliefs on scientific ideas. I argue, by contrast, that we need to focus on Boyle's representational practices, using his attempts to represent imperceptible entities as a means of uncovering metaphysical and theological presuppositions that he did not always articulate when stating his religious beliefs. With new interpretations of bothA Discourse of Things Above Reason(1681) andSome Physico-Theological Considerations about the Possibility of the Resurrection(1675), I show that there were crucial similarities between Boyle's practices for representing both God and atoms. I go on to show, moreover, that Boyle used these practices to enact an ontological stance at odds with one of his most important professed beliefs.

Testimony amidst Diversity

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Max Baker-Hytch
Keyword(s):  
Religious Beliefs ◽  
Religious Diversity ◽  
Second Order ◽  
First Order

This chapter takes up the question of what (if anything) might be wrong with religious beliefs that are held primarily on the basis of testimony, in light of the facts of religious diversity. The chapter first considers whether religious diversity entails that a religious believer’s testimony-based beliefs are not formed in a suitably epistemically reliable manner even conditional upon the truth of her religion. After casting doubt on this thought the chapter turns to look at the idea that testimony-based beliefs are subject to defeaters in light of awareness of religious diversity, and suggests that many such beliefs are not obviously so. According to the author’s diagnosis the problem, rather, is that believers who base their religious beliefs just on testimony will be very unlikely to have reflective (that is, second-order) knowledge even if they possess first-order knowledge, and the author explains why this is a notable shortcoming.

The Twenty-First-Century Postsecular University

2021 ◽  
pp. 351-364
Author(s):  
George M. Marsden
Keyword(s):  
Religious Beliefs ◽  
Religious Diversity ◽  
First Century ◽  
University Education ◽  
Moral Leadership ◽  
Economic Interests ◽  
University Life ◽  
Jonathan Haidt ◽  
Twenty First Century ◽  
Campus Ministries

Many observers agree that twenty-first-century universities have lost their way with respect to the task of providing moral leadership for their students and for the nation. This chapter surveys leading commentators, including Harry Lewis, Anthony Kronman, Andrew Delanco, William Egginton, Jonathan Haidt, and Greg Lukiankoff, on these themes, especially in the decline of the humanities. Many blame the business and economic interests and related careerism that shape most of university education. Still, as John Schmalzbauer and Kathleen A. Mahoney show, religious interests can still be found in many aspects of university life, including study of religion, campus ministries, and personal religious beliefs of many professors and students. Nonetheless, emphases on diversity do not always include religious diversity.

Hybrid of ARIMA-GARCH Modeling in Rainfall Time Series

2013 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fadhilah Yusof ◽  
Ibrahim Lawal Kane ◽  
Zulkifli Yusop
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Daily Rainfall ◽  
Rainfall Series ◽  
Empirical Modeling ◽  
Dependence Structure ◽  
Rainfall Time Series ◽  
Arima Models ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Garch Modeling ◽  
Squared Residuals

The dependence structure of rainfall is usually very complex both in time and space. It is shown in this paper that the daily rainfall series of Ipoh and Alorsetar are affected by nonlinear characteristics of the variance often referred to as variance clustering or volatility, where large changes tend to follow large changes and small changes tend to follow small changes. In most empirical modeling of hydrological time series, the focus was on modeling and predicting the mean behavior of the time series through conventional methods of an Autoregressive Moving Average (ARMA) modeling proposed by the Box Jenkins methodology. The conventional models operate under the assumption that the series is stationary that is: constant mean and either constant variance or season-dependent variances, however, does not take into account the second order moment or conditional variance, but they form a good starting point for time series analysis. The residuals from preliminary ARIMA models derived from the daily rainfall time series were tested for ARCH behavior. The autocorrelation structure of the residuals and the squared residuals were inspected, the residuals are uncorrelated but the squared residuals show autocorrelation, the Ljung-Box test confirmed the results. McLeod-Li test and a test based on the Lagrange multiplier (LM) principle were applied to the squared residuals from ARIMA models. The results of these auxiliary tests show clear evidence to reject the null hypothesis of no ARCH effect. Hence indicates that GARCH modeling is necessary. Therefore the composite ARIMA-GARCH model captures the dynamics of the daily rainfall series in study areas more precisely. On the other hand, Seasonal ARIMA model became a suitable model for the monthly average rainfall series of the same locations treated.

scholarly journals A Comparative Analysis of Religious Education in Europe and Educational Guidelines in the Framework of Interreligious dialogue and a Culture of Peace

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-56
Author(s):  
Luis Del Espino Díaz
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Religious Education ◽  
Religious Diversity ◽  
Interreligious Dialogue ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Social Equality ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Culture Of Peace ◽  
Globalized World

AbstractThe phenomenon of migration that typifies a globalized world has created a society characterized by cultural and religious diversity. This has led to different types of conflict. States cannot disregard the current situation, and so intercultural strategies that encourage interreligious dialogue aimed at building a culture of peace must be part of educational curricula. This article analyses the religious education implemented in most European states so that using this material as a starting point, educational guidelines and strategies can be developed to make religious education into a subject that can contribute to the welfare of all human beings in a globalized world, valuing cultural diversity and social equality.

Religious Education in the Public Schools

1998 ◽  
pp. 17-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia J. Bartkowiak
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Public Schools ◽  
Religious Education ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
Religious Beliefs ◽  
Religious Diversity ◽  
The United States ◽  
Parental Rights ◽  
Liberal State ◽  
The Public

Recently, several authors have cited traditional liberal principles to argue that religious education must be offered in public schools in the United States of America. These authors claim that exposure to a variety of religious beliefs and traditions is a necessary means to attaining the two goals of providing children with "open futures" and encouraging tolerance of religious diversity. This paper contends that these arguments are seriously flawed, and provides reasons which demonstrate that, in practice, these two goals cannot be accomplished by religion courses in the public schools. Additionally, mandatory religion courses in the public schools appear to be unconstitutional and infringe on parental rights and freedom of religion. Consequently, the goals of a liberal state are best achieved by not offering religious education in the public schools.

On blanket statements about the epistemic effects of religious diversity

2005 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 395-414 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANDREW KOEHL
Keyword(s):  
Religious Beliefs ◽  
Religious Diversity ◽  
Coherent Systems

Religious diversity poses a challenge to the view that exclusive religious beliefs can be justified and warranted. Equally upright and thoughtful people who appear to possess similarly well-grounded and coherent systems of belief, come up with irreconcilable religious views. The content of religious beliefs also seems unduly dependent upon culture, and no one religion has been shown to be more transformative than the others. Philosophers have recently made at least three kinds of claims about the effects of diversity on exclusive religious beliefs, and five kinds of claims about the proper effect of diversity on exclusivists themselves. Since there are numerous factors that can influence the epistemic impact of religious diversity on exclusive beliefs, each kind of blanket pronouncement made about the epistemic effects of religious diversity is inadequate.

scholarly journals Menumbuhkan nilai-nilai toleransi Dalam bingkai keragaman beragama

KALAM ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 165
Author(s):  
Ahmad Izzan
Keyword(s):  
Everyday Life ◽  
Religious Beliefs ◽  
Religious Freedom ◽  
Religious Diversity ◽  
Natural Process ◽  
Religious Community ◽  
Religious Tolerance ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Empirical Reality ◽  
The Will

The attitude of religious tolerance is an attitude that should be embedded in everyday life and is an empirical reality that must be created on the authority of human beings who have a different religion. Differences in religion is born of a natural process by the will of God. For that plurality is sunnatullah unavoidable. The purpose of this paper is to determine the depth of the concept of religious tolerance that is contained in the Qur'an. As for the verses studied is about pluralism relating to religious tolerance, respect for diversity Syari'ah every religious community, religious freedom, prohibition of intervention in the affairs of other religious beliefs, and cooperation among religions. In doing research on inter-religious tolerance can conclude several things, first to foster the values of tolerance within the framework of religious diversity in fostering religion in general is substantive adhesive used for the harmony of inter-religious relations. Second, in the realm of interpretation differences and diverse religions generate a view that shari'ah of the Prophet Muhammad. is a compilation of the Shari'ah-shari'ah of the Prophet before. Hence the presence of the Shari'ah Prophet Muhammad not deny them, but to collect it into a single solid in one religion (Deen al-Wahid).

scholarly journals DIALOG DAN KERUKUNAN UMAT BERAGAMA DI INDONESIA DALAM PEMIKIRAN A. MUKTI ALI

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (01) ◽  
pp. 38
Author(s):  
Moh. Khairul Fatih
Keyword(s):  
Social Order ◽  
Religious Beliefs ◽  
Religious Pluralism ◽  
Religious Diversity ◽  
Religious Dialogue ◽  
Different Shapes ◽  
Religious Fervor

Indonesia as a pluralistic country inherited the spirit of tolerance, peace and recognize religious pluralism and unity of truth as a form tantularisme, the religious fervor that has a religious typology, non-doctrinaire, tolerant, accommodating and optimistic. To achieve harmony among religious believers in Indonesia, every religious followers should understand and respect the religious beliefs of different shapes. There are five concepts of thought offered by Mukti Ali to respect religious diversity and creating a harmonious: syncretism, reconception, Synthesis, replacement, and agree in disagreement. The fifth concept is realized in the form of dialogue as a means of forming harmony. Inter-religious dialogue is the means used Mukti Ali in his efforts to form unity. Dialogue and harmony among religious believers is a bridge that can not be separated, both will be interrelated because in the quest for harmony be required also inter-religious dialogue as a means of dialogue, friendship and cooperation in creating an ideal social order.

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