On blanket statements about the epistemic effects of religious diversity

2005 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 395-414 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANDREW KOEHL
Keyword(s):  
Religious Beliefs ◽  
Religious Diversity ◽  
Coherent Systems

Religious diversity poses a challenge to the view that exclusive religious beliefs can be justified and warranted. Equally upright and thoughtful people who appear to possess similarly well-grounded and coherent systems of belief, come up with irreconcilable religious views. The content of religious beliefs also seems unduly dependent upon culture, and no one religion has been shown to be more transformative than the others. Philosophers have recently made at least three kinds of claims about the effects of diversity on exclusive religious beliefs, and five kinds of claims about the proper effect of diversity on exclusivists themselves. Since there are numerous factors that can influence the epistemic impact of religious diversity on exclusive beliefs, each kind of blanket pronouncement made about the epistemic effects of religious diversity is inadequate.

How to reason about religious beliefs

DIALOGO ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 179-193
Author(s):  
Daniele Bertini
Keyword(s):  
Religious Beliefs ◽  
Religious Diversity ◽  
Empirical Modeling ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Epistemic View

Intractable disagreements are commonly analyzed in terms of the semantic opposition of (at least) couples of disputed beliefs (purely epistemic view, from here on PEV). While such a view seems to be a very natural starting point, my intuitions are that such an approach is misleadingly unrealistic, and that an empirical modeling towards how individuals hold beliefs in intractable opposition constitutes a strong defeater for PEV. My work addresses disagreements within the religious domain. Accordingly, I will be concerned with developing my empirical understanding of religious beliefs, and will show the consequences of such proposal on how to answer the problem of religious diversity.

Testimony amidst Diversity

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Max Baker-Hytch
Keyword(s):  
Religious Beliefs ◽  
Religious Diversity ◽  
Second Order ◽  
First Order

This chapter takes up the question of what (if anything) might be wrong with religious beliefs that are held primarily on the basis of testimony, in light of the facts of religious diversity. The chapter first considers whether religious diversity entails that a religious believer’s testimony-based beliefs are not formed in a suitably epistemically reliable manner even conditional upon the truth of her religion. After casting doubt on this thought the chapter turns to look at the idea that testimony-based beliefs are subject to defeaters in light of awareness of religious diversity, and suggests that many such beliefs are not obviously so. According to the author’s diagnosis the problem, rather, is that believers who base their religious beliefs just on testimony will be very unlikely to have reflective (that is, second-order) knowledge even if they possess first-order knowledge, and the author explains why this is a notable shortcoming.

The Twenty-First-Century Postsecular University

2021 ◽  
pp. 351-364
Author(s):  
George M. Marsden
Keyword(s):  
Religious Beliefs ◽  
Religious Diversity ◽  
First Century ◽  
University Education ◽  
Moral Leadership ◽  
Economic Interests ◽  
University Life ◽  
Jonathan Haidt ◽  
Twenty First Century ◽  
Campus Ministries

Many observers agree that twenty-first-century universities have lost their way with respect to the task of providing moral leadership for their students and for the nation. This chapter surveys leading commentators, including Harry Lewis, Anthony Kronman, Andrew Delanco, William Egginton, Jonathan Haidt, and Greg Lukiankoff, on these themes, especially in the decline of the humanities. Many blame the business and economic interests and related careerism that shape most of university education. Still, as John Schmalzbauer and Kathleen A. Mahoney show, religious interests can still be found in many aspects of university life, including study of religion, campus ministries, and personal religious beliefs of many professors and students. Nonetheless, emphases on diversity do not always include religious diversity.

Religious Education in the Public Schools

1998 ◽  
pp. 17-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia J. Bartkowiak
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Public Schools ◽  
Religious Education ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
Religious Beliefs ◽  
Religious Diversity ◽  
The United States ◽  
Parental Rights ◽  
Liberal State ◽  
The Public

Recently, several authors have cited traditional liberal principles to argue that religious education must be offered in public schools in the United States of America. These authors claim that exposure to a variety of religious beliefs and traditions is a necessary means to attaining the two goals of providing children with "open futures" and encouraging tolerance of religious diversity. This paper contends that these arguments are seriously flawed, and provides reasons which demonstrate that, in practice, these two goals cannot be accomplished by religion courses in the public schools. Additionally, mandatory religion courses in the public schools appear to be unconstitutional and infringe on parental rights and freedom of religion. Consequently, the goals of a liberal state are best achieved by not offering religious education in the public schools.

scholarly journals Menumbuhkan nilai-nilai toleransi Dalam bingkai keragaman beragama

KALAM ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 165
Author(s):  
Ahmad Izzan
Keyword(s):  
Everyday Life ◽  
Religious Beliefs ◽  
Religious Freedom ◽  
Religious Diversity ◽  
Natural Process ◽  
Religious Community ◽  
Religious Tolerance ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Empirical Reality ◽  
The Will

The attitude of religious tolerance is an attitude that should be embedded in everyday life and is an empirical reality that must be created on the authority of human beings who have a different religion. Differences in religion is born of a natural process by the will of God. For that plurality is sunnatullah unavoidable. The purpose of this paper is to determine the depth of the concept of religious tolerance that is contained in the Qur'an. As for the verses studied is about pluralism relating to religious tolerance, respect for diversity Syari'ah every religious community, religious freedom, prohibition of intervention in the affairs of other religious beliefs, and cooperation among religions. In doing research on inter-religious tolerance can conclude several things, first to foster the values of tolerance within the framework of religious diversity in fostering religion in general is substantive adhesive used for the harmony of inter-religious relations. Second, in the realm of interpretation differences and diverse religions generate a view that shari'ah of the Prophet Muhammad. is a compilation of the Shari'ah-shari'ah of the Prophet before. Hence the presence of the Shari'ah Prophet Muhammad not deny them, but to collect it into a single solid in one religion (Deen al-Wahid).

scholarly journals DIALOG DAN KERUKUNAN UMAT BERAGAMA DI INDONESIA DALAM PEMIKIRAN A. MUKTI ALI

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (01) ◽  
pp. 38
Author(s):  
Moh. Khairul Fatih
Keyword(s):  
Social Order ◽  
Religious Beliefs ◽  
Religious Pluralism ◽  
Religious Diversity ◽  
Religious Dialogue ◽  
Different Shapes ◽  
Religious Fervor

Indonesia as a pluralistic country inherited the spirit of tolerance, peace and recognize religious pluralism and unity of truth as a form tantularisme, the religious fervor that has a religious typology, non-doctrinaire, tolerant, accommodating and optimistic. To achieve harmony among religious believers in Indonesia, every religious followers should understand and respect the religious beliefs of different shapes. There are five concepts of thought offered by Mukti Ali to respect religious diversity and creating a harmonious: syncretism, reconception, Synthesis, replacement, and agree in disagreement. The fifth concept is realized in the form of dialogue as a means of forming harmony. Inter-religious dialogue is the means used Mukti Ali in his efforts to form unity. Dialogue and harmony among religious believers is a bridge that can not be separated, both will be interrelated because in the quest for harmony be required also inter-religious dialogue as a means of dialogue, friendship and cooperation in creating an ideal social order.

scholarly journals Peran Budaya dalam Membangun Hubungan Antara Umat Beragama di Suku Tenger

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-30
Author(s):  
M Thoriqul Huda
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Religious Beliefs ◽  
Religious Diversity ◽  
Daily Activities ◽  
Community Life ◽  
Religious Leaders ◽  
Mutual Respect ◽  
The Public ◽  
Religious People ◽  
Administrative Leaders

Indonesia is a country that has diversity in ethnicity, ethnicity, race, language, religion, and culture. However, this diversity is capable of causing conflicts both internally and externally. As with many cases that occur in Indonesia. Religion itself is a foothold, belief, and life guide, even as a scapegoat for conflicts in society. But other than the tengger tribe located in Lumajang Regency, Malang Regency, Pasuruan Regency and Probolinggo Regency, there are three religions that coexist in one village namely Islam, Hinduism and Buddhism. In the midst of pluralism, different societies of understanding and belief turned out to be able to have an attitude of tolerance and mutual respect between each other. Religious diversity is not a problem for the agrosari community to interact in carrying out daily activities. Regarding tolerance among religious people has recently become a very sticky issue among academics and the public. Local wisdom and culture are solutions to overcome this problem. Local wisdom in the Tengger tribe community is inseparable from the values of Javanese culture, as well as the cultural heritage of Majapahit which is still developing with mutual respect, tolerance, and respect for ancestral spirits and there are no striking differences in ethnicity other than differences in religious beliefs. Togetherness is manifested in the form of traditional rituals such as the Unan-Unan ceremony, Bari'an (Selamatan). Each religion has its own demands for tolerance in the Tengger tribe is ingrained, the Tengger tribe community also upholds equality and democracy in community life and respects religious leaders and dukun (sepiritual teachers) rather than administrative leaders. Because all are brothers, all families, still peaceful and harmonious, which is the mandate and ancestral heritage.

scholarly journals Handling Religious Diversity: The Case of "Holy/Rest Days" in Italy

Human Affairs ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiziana Faitini ◽  
Alessandroantonio Povino
Keyword(s):  
Religious Beliefs ◽  
Religious Diversity ◽  
Religious Group ◽  
Institutional Framework ◽  
Individual Freedom ◽  
Legal Recognition ◽  
Democratic Societies

Handling Religious Diversity: The Case of "Holy/Rest Days" in ItalyThe accommodation of a plurality of values within the same institutional framework is one of the main challenges with which contemporary democracies have been persistently confronted. This challenge has recently gained strength even in such traditionally homogeneous countries as Italy, as a consequence of an increase in the number of residents committed to diverse religious beliefs. Against this backdrop, this paper focuses on the case of requests for the legal recognition of religion-specific holy/rest days in Italy. The analysis of such a case will disclose—or so we believe—some valuable pointers as to how democratic societies could try to accommodate religious diversity in a way that is both respectful of the specificities of each religious group and compatible with the typically liberal commitment to the safeguard of individual freedom.

scholarly journals MENEPIS PRASANGKA DAN DISKRIMINASI DALAM PERILAKU BERAGAMA UNTUK MASA DEPAN MULTIKULTURALISME DI INDONESIA

2020 ◽  
pp. 210-222
Author(s):  
Triana Rosalina Noor
Keyword(s):  
Social Norms ◽  
Religious Beliefs ◽  
Religious Diversity ◽  
Cultural Background ◽  
Harmonious Society ◽  
Psychological Perspective ◽  
Social Conflicts ◽  
Discriminatory Behavior ◽  
Prejudice And Discrimination

Indonesia is a multicultural nation that has a variety of ethnic, racial, cultural, linguistic, and religious diversity. This diversity makes its challenges in creating a harmonious society. This is because it can bring some people trapped prejudice and discrimination, especially in religion. The prejudice that leads to discrimination and acts of violence will make social conflicts more acute in the multidimensional crises that occur in Indonesia.This article aims to describe prejudice and discrimination behavior from an individual psychological perspective, sociological, and cultural background. Besides that, it was also explained the idea of how to prevent and overcome prejudice and discrimination in religious beliefs that occurred. Efforts to prevent prejudice and discriminatory behavior in religion can be done by increasing the value of the group that is prejudiced, opening communication, conditioning the environment to internalize social norms. The hope is that all citizens can live side by side and respect each other in a peaceful and peaceful atmosphere.

scholarly journals TOLERANSI KERAGAMAN PADA MASYARAKAT CIGUGUR KUNINGAN

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 65
Author(s):  
Ani Rostiyati
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Methods ◽  
Collective Memory ◽  
Role Models ◽  
Religious Beliefs ◽  
Religious Diversity ◽  
Research Data ◽  
Collective Belief

Toleransi pada keragaman perlu dibangun agar masyarakat bisa hidup berdampingan secara damai, baik secara individual maupun kelompok. Masyarakat di Cigugur Kuningan merupakan contoh bagaimana toleransi pada keragaman agama dan kepercayaan terbangun dengan baik. Secara khusus, tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengungkapkan faktor apa saja yang menjadi penyebab adanya toleransi dan bagaimana wujud atau bentuk toleransi pada masyarakat Cigugur tersebut. Dari hasil penelitian terungkap bahwa ikatan darah atau kekeluargaan merupakan faktor solidaritas yang tinggi dibanding keyakinan keagamaan. Masyarakat merasa satu keturunan dari Kiai Madrais dan Pangeran Djatikusumah yang menjadi tokoh panutan dan pemersatu. Kesadaran komunitas ini merupakan the sacred yang merupakan bagian dari kepercayaan kolektif (collective belief).  Memori kolektif ini sebagai salah satu simpul yang memungkinkan keutuhan masyarakat berkat adanya identitas yang sama. Makna kolektif inilah memainkan peran penting dalam menjaga solidaritas dan keutuhan masyarakat Cigugur Kuningan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode dokumenter dan kualitatif. Adapun pengambilan data melalui observasi, wawancara, studi pustaka, dan foto. Tolerance to diversity needs to be built so that people can live side by side peacefully, both individually and in groups. The community in Kuningan Cigugur is an example of how tolerance to religious diversity and trust is well established. In particular, the purpose of this study is to reveal what factors are the cause of tolerance and how it manifests or forms of tolerance in the Cigugur community. From the the research revealed that blood ties or familyhood is a factor of high solidarity compared to religious beliefs. The community feels one descendant from Kiai Madrais and Pangeran Djatikusumah who are role models and unifier. This awareness is ”the sacred” which is part of the collective belief. This collective memory is one of the reason that enables the integrity of society caused by same identity. This collectiveness played an important role in maintaining the solidarity and integrity of the community of the Kuningan Cigugur. This research conducted by using documentary and qualitative methods. The research data was collected through observation, interviews, literature studies, and photographs.

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