scholarly journals Aerosol exposure versus aerosol cooling of climate: what is the optimal emission reduction strategy for human health?

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (19) ◽  
pp. 9441-9449 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Löndahl ◽  
E. Swietlicki ◽  
E. Lindgren ◽  
S. Loft
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Air Pollution ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Health Effects ◽  
Health Effect ◽  
Health Benefit ◽  
Cooling Effect ◽  
Short Time Scale ◽  
Ship Emissions ◽  
Aerosol Emissions

Abstract. Particles, climate change, and health have thought-provoking interactions. Air pollution is one of the largest environmental problems concerning human health. On the other hand, aerosol particles can have a cooling effect on climate and a reduction of those emissions may result in an increased temperature globally, which in turn may have negative health effects. The objective of this work was to investigate the "total health effects" of aerosol emissions, which include both exposure to particles and consequences for climate change initiated by particles. As a case study the "total health effect" from ship emissions was derived by subtracting the number of deaths caused by exposure with the estimated number of lives saved from the cooling effect of the emissions. The analysis showed that, with current level of scientific understanding, it could not be determined whether ship emissions are negative or positive for human health on a short time scale. This first attempt to approximate the combined effect of particle emissions on health shows that reductions of particulate air pollution will in some cases (black carbon) have win-win effects on health and climate, but sometimes also cause a shift from particle exposure-related health effects towards an increasing risk of health consequences from climate change. Thus, measures to reduce aerosol emissions have to be coupled with climate change mitigation actions to achieve a full health benefit on a global level.

scholarly journals Aerosol exposure versus aerosol cooling of climate: what is the total health outcome?

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 15055-15073
Author(s):  
J. Löndahl ◽  
E. Swietlicki ◽  
E. Lindgren ◽  
S. Loft
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Health Effects ◽  
Aerosol Particles ◽  
Health Effect ◽  
Health Benefit ◽  
Cooling Effect ◽  
Ship Emissions ◽  
Aerosol Emission ◽  
Aerosol Exposure ◽  
Aerosol Emissions

Abstract. Particles, climate change, and health have thought-provoking interactions. Emission of aerosol particles is one of the largest environmental problems concerning human health. On the other hand, aerosol particles can have a cooling effect on climate and a reduction of those emissions may result in an increased temperature, which in turn may have negative health effects. The objective of this work was to investigate the "total health" effects of aerosol emissions, which include both exposure to particles and consequences of climate change initiated by particles. As a case study the "total health" effect from ship emissions were estimated by adding the number of deaths from aerosol emission exposure to the calculated number of lives saved from the cooling effect of the particles. The analysis indicated an annual mortality from ship emissions of 26 000 (minimum uncertainty range −5000 to 52 000), with 60 000 deaths from direct aerosol exposure and 34 000 lives saved by the cooling effect of particles. This is the first attempt to calculate the combined effect of particle emissions on health. We conclude that measures to reduce particulate air pollution will in some cases (black carbon) have win-win effects on health and climate, but for most particulates cause a shift from exposure-related health effects towards an increasing risk of health consequences from climate change. Thus, measures to reduce aerosol emissions have to be coupled with climate change mitigation actions to achieve a full health benefit on a global level.

Health-relevant influences of air substances and meteorological conditions

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie Koller ◽  
Christa Meisinger ◽  
Markus Wehler ◽  
Elke Hertig
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Emergency Department ◽  
Air Pollution ◽  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Health Effects ◽  
Supplementary Information ◽  
Human Organism ◽  
Average Risk ◽  
Emergency Department Data

<p>For a long time it has been known that exceptionally strong and long-lasting heat waves have negative health effects on the population, which is expressed in an intensification of existing diseases and over-mortality of certain risk groups (Kampa, Castanas 2008). Often associated with heat are stagnant airflow conditions that cause a large increase in the concentration of certain air substances (Ebi, McGregor 2008). Many of these air substances have a strong adverse effect on the human organism (Kampa, Castanas 2008).</p><p>The aim of the project is to investigate the actual hazard potential of health-relevant air pollution- and climatological variables by quantifying the effects on human health of increased exposure to air constituents and temperature extremes. Different multivariate statistical methods such as correlation analysis, regression models and random forests, extreme value analysis and individual case studies are used.</p><p>As a medical data basis for this purpose, the emergency department data of the University Hospital Augsburg are regarded. In addition to the diagnosis, supplementary information such as age, gender, place of residence and pre-existing conditions of the patients are used. Among the air constituents, the focus is on ozone, nitrogen dioxide and particulate matter. In the meteorological part, the focus is primarily on temperature, which is not only a direct burden but, as in the case of ozone, also has a decisive influence on the formation of ozone molecules. However, a large number of other meteorological parameters such as precipitation, relative humidity and wind speed as well as the synoptic situation also play a major role in the formation, decomposition process and the distribution of pollutants (Ebi, McGregor 2008).</p><p>The first major question to answer is whether air-pollution and meteorological stress situations are visible in the emergency department data. Further in-depth questions are which factors have the greatest negative impact, what is the most common environment-related disease, which weather conditions carry a higher than average risk and what are the health risks of climate change.</p><p>Ideally, the analysis may also provide a short-term forecast from which to derive whether or not there will be an above or below average number of visits to the emergency department.</p><p>The project is funded by the German Federal Foundation for Environment (DBU) and the German Research Foundation (DFG) - project number 408057478.</p><p>Literature</p><p>Ebi K., McGregor G. (2008): Climate Change, Tropospheric Ozone and Particulate Matter, and Health Impacts. doi: 10.1289/ehp.11463</p><p>Kampa M., Castanas E. (2008): Human health effects of air pollution. In: Environmental Pollution 151(2): 362-367. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2007.06.012</p>

Potential Impact of Climate Change on Air Pollution-Related Human Health Effects

2009 ◽  
Vol 43 (13) ◽  
pp. 4979-4988 ◽  
Author(s):  
Efthimios Tagaris ◽  
Kuo-Jen Liao ◽  
Anthony J. DeLucia ◽  
Leland Deck ◽  
Praveen Amar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Air Pollution ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Health Effects ◽  
Impact Of Climate Change ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
Human Health Effects

scholarly journals A joint ERS/ATS policy statement: what constitutes an adverse health effect of air pollution? An analytical framework

2016 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 1600419 ◽  
Author(s):  
George D. Thurston ◽  
Howard Kipen ◽  
Isabella Annesi-Maesano ◽  
John Balmes ◽  
Robert D. Brook ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effect ◽  
Air Pollution ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Health Effects ◽  
Health Effect ◽  
Analytical Framework ◽  
Policy Statement ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
Central Nervous Systems ◽  
New Biomarkers

The American Thoracic Society has previously published statements on what constitutes an adverse effect on health of air pollution in 1985 and 2000. We set out to update and broaden these past statements that focused primarily on effects on the respiratory system. Since then, many studies have documented effects of air pollution on other organ systems, such as on the cardiovascular and central nervous systems. In addition, many new biomarkers of effects have been developed and applied in air pollution studies.This current report seeks to integrate the latest science into a general framework for interpreting the adversity of the human health effects of air pollution. Rather than trying to provide a catalogue of what is and what is not an adverse effect of air pollution, we propose a set of considerations that can be applied in forming judgments of the adversity of not only currently documented, but also emerging and future effects of air pollution on human health. These considerations are illustrated by the inclusion of examples for different types of health effects of air pollution.

scholarly journals Human health effects of traffic-related air pollution (TRAP): a scoping review protocol

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlyn J. Matz ◽  
Marika Egyed ◽  
Robyn Hocking ◽  
Shayesta Seenundun ◽  
Nick Charman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Health Effects ◽  
Scoping Review ◽  
Review Protocol ◽  
Human Health Effects

scholarly journals Correction to: Health Effects of Climate Change through Temperature and Air Pollution

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-36
Author(s):  
Jianing Lou ◽  
Yangyang Wu ◽  
Penghui Liu ◽  
Sri Harsha Kota ◽  
Lei Huang
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Air Pollution ◽  
Health Effects

scholarly journals Health effects of long-term exposure to air pollution: An overview of major respiratory and cardiovascular diseases and diabetes

2012 ◽  
Vol 18 (4-2) ◽  
pp. 617-622 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zorana Jovanovic-Andersen
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Health Effects ◽  
Convincing Evidence ◽  
Urban Setting ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Limit Values ◽  
Public Health Burden

Large number of studies provided convincing evidence for adverse effects of exposure to outdoor air pollution on human health, and served as basis for current USA and EU Air Quality Standards and limit values. Still, new knowledge is emerging, expanding our understanding of vast effects of exposure to air pollution on human health of this ubiquitous exposure affecting millions of people in urban setting. This paper focuses on the studies of health effects of long-term (chronic) exposures to air pollution, and includes major chronic and acute diseases in adults and especially elderly, which will present increasing public health burden, due to improving longevity and projected increasing numbers of elderly. The paper gives overview over the most relevant and latest literature presented by different health outcomes: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, pneumonia, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes.

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