scholarly journals Mass concentration, optical depth and carbon composition of particulate matter in the major southern West African cities of Cotonou (Benin) and Abidjan (Côte d'Ivoire)

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (9) ◽  
pp. 6275-6291 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julien Djossou ◽  
Jean-François Léon ◽  
Aristide Barthélemy Akpo ◽  
Cathy Liousse ◽  
Véronique Yoboué ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Optical Depth ◽  
Cote D'ivoire ◽  
Mass Concentration ◽  
Côte D’Ivoire ◽  
Surface Wind ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
The Other ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Cote D’Ivoire ◽  
Côte D'ivoire

Abstract. Air quality degradation is a major issue in the large conurbations on the shore of the Gulf of Guinea. We present for the first time PM2.5 time series collected in Cotonou, Benin, and Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire, from February 2015 to March 2017. Measurements were performed in the vicinity of major combustion aerosol sources: Cotonou/traffic (CT), Abidjan/traffic (AT), Abidjan/landfill (AL) and Abidjan/domestic fires (ADF). We report the weekly PM2.5 mass and carbonaceous content as elemental (EC) and organic (OC) carbon concentrations. We also measure the aerosol optical depth (AOD) and the Ångström exponent in both cities. The average PM2.5 mass concentrations were 32 ± 32, 32 ± 24 and 28 ± 19 µg m−3 at traffic sites CT and AT and landfill site AL, respectively. The domestic fire site shows a concentration of 145 ± 69 µg m−3 due to the contribution of smoking and roasting activities. The highest OC and EC concentrations were also measured at ADF at 71 ± 29 and 15 ± 9 µg m−3, respectively, while the other sites present OC concentration between 8 and 12 µg m−3 and EC concentrations between 2 and 7 µg m−3. The OC ∕ EC ratio is 4.3 at CT and 2.0 at AT. This difference highlights the influence of two-wheel vehicles using gasoline in Cotonou compared to that of four-wheel vehicles using diesel fuel in Abidjan. AOD was rather similar in both cities, with a mean value of 0.58 in Cotonou and of 0.68 in Abidjan. The seasonal cycle is dominated by the large increase in surface mass concentration and AOD during the long dry season (December–February) as expected due to mineral dust advection and biomass burning activities. The lowest concentrations are observed during the short dry season (August–September) due to an increase in surface wind speed leading to a better ventilation. On the other hand, the high PM2.5 ∕ AOD ratio in the short wet season (October–November) indicates the stagnation of local pollution.

scholarly journals Mass concentration, optical depth and carbon composition of particulate matter in the major Southwestern Africa cities of Cotonou (Benin) and Abidjan (Côte d'Ivoire)

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julien Djossou ◽  
Jean-François Léon ◽  
Cathy Liousse ◽  
Aristide Akpo ◽  
Véronique Yoboué ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Optical Depth ◽  
Cote D'ivoire ◽  
Mass Concentration ◽  
Côte D’Ivoire ◽  
Surface Wind ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cote D’Ivoire ◽  
Côte D'ivoire ◽  
Waste Burning

Abstract. Air quality degradation is a major issue in the large conurbations on the shore of the gulf of Guinea. We present for the first time PM2.5 time series collected in Cotonou, Benin and Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire from February 2015 to March 2017. Measurements were performed in the vicinity of major combustion aerosol sources: Cotonou/Traffic (CT), Abidjan/Traffic (AT), Abidjan/Waste Burning (AWB) and Abidjan/Domestic Fires (ADF). We report the weekly PM2.5 mass and carbonaceous content as Elemental (EC) and organic (OC) carbon concentrations. We also proceed to the measurements of the Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) and the Angström exponent in both cities. The average PM2.5 mass concentrations were 32 ± 32 μg/m3, 32 ± 24 μg/m3, 28 ± 19 μg/m3 at traffic sites CT and AT and waste burning site AWD, respectively. The domestic fire site shows concentration of 145 ± 69 μg/m3 due the contribution of smoking and grilling activities. The highest OC and EC concentrations were also measured at ADF at 71 ± 29 μg/m3 and 15 ± 9 μg/m3, respectively. While the other sites present OC concentration between 8 and 12 μg/m3 and EC concentrations between 2 and 7 μg/m3. The OC / EC ratio is 4.3 at CT and 2.0 at AT. This difference highlighs the influence of 2-wheels vehicles using 2-stoke mix in Cotonou compared to Abidjan. AOD were rather similar in both cities with a mean value of 0.58 in Cotonou and 0.68 in Abidjan. The seasonal cycle is dominated by the large increase in surface mass concentration and AOD during the main dry season (Dec.–Feb.) as expected due to mineral dust advection and biomass burning activities. The lowest concentrations are observed during the minor dry season (Aug.–Sept.) due to an increase in surface wind speed leading to a better ventilation. On the other hand, the high PM2.5 / AOD ratio in the minor wet season (Oct.–Nov.) indicates the stagnation of local pollution.

scholarly journals Physico-chemical characterization of urban aerosols from specific combustion sources in West Africa at Abidjan in Côte d'Ivoire and Cotonou in Benin in the frame of the DACCIWA program

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (9) ◽  
pp. 5327-5354 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aka Jacques Adon ◽  
Catherine Liousse ◽  
Elhadji Thierno Doumbia ◽  
Armelle Baeza-Squiban ◽  
Hélène Cachier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
West Africa ◽  
Cote D'ivoire ◽  
Côte D’Ivoire ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Cote D’Ivoire ◽  
Côte D'ivoire ◽  
Combustion Sources

Abstract. Urban air pollution in West Africa has yet to be well characterized. In the frame of DACCIWA (Dynamics-Aerosol-Chemistry-Cloud Interactions in West Africa) program, intensive measurement campaigns were performed in Abidjan (Côte d'Ivoire) and Cotonou (Benin), in dry (January 2016 and 2017) and wet (July 2015 and 2016) seasons, at different sites chosen to be representative of African urban combustion sources, i.e., domestic fires (ADF), traffic (AT) and waste burning (AWB) sources in Abidjan and traffic source in Cotonou (CT). Both the size distribution of particulate matter (PM) and their chemical composition including elemental carbon (EC), organic carbon (OC), water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC), water-soluble inorganic ions (WSI) and trace metals were examined. Results show very high PM concentrations at all sites and a well-marked seasonality as well as a strong spatial variation. The average PM2.5 mass concentrations during the wet season are 517.3, 104.1, 90.3, and 69.1 µg m−3 at the ADF, CT, AT, and AWB sites, respectively. In the dry season, PM2.5 concentrations decrease to 375.7 µg m−3 at the ADF site, while they increase to 269.7, 141.3, and 175.3 µg m−3 at the CT, AT, and AWB sites, respectively. The annual PM2.5 levels at almost all sites are significantly higher than the WHO guideline level of 10 µg m−3. As for PM mass, (EC) and (OC) concentrations are also maximal at the ADF site, accounting for up to 69 % of the total PM mass. Such a high content is mainly linked to wood burning for domestic cooking and commercial food smoking activities. Dust contributions are dominant at CT (57 %–80 %), AT (20 %–70 %), and AWB (30 %–69 %) sites and especially in the coarse and fine-particle modes at the CT site and in the coarse fraction at the AT site, which may be explained by the impact of long-range desert-dust transport and resuspended particles from the roads, in addition to anthropogenic sources. The contributions of WSI to the total PM mass, mainly driven by chloride, nitrate, and calcium in the fine and/or large particles, are highly variable according to the sites but remain less than 30 %. Values are generally 1–3 times higher in the wet season than in the dry season. This is due not only to anthropogenic emissions but also to nitrate formation by reaction processes and natural emissions. The concentrations of trace elements reflect well the trends in dust at the traffic and AWB sites, with a predominance of Al, Na, Ca, Fe, and K, keys markers of crustal dust. This study constitutes an original database that characterizes specific African combustion sources.

scholarly journals Physico-chemical characterization of urban aerosols from specific combustion sources in West Africaat Abidjan in Côte d’Ivoire and Cotonou in Benin in the frame of DACCIWA program

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aka Jacques Adon ◽  
Catherine Liousse ◽  
Elhadji Thierno Doumbia ◽  
Armelle Baeza-Squiban ◽  
Hélène Cachier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
West Africa ◽  
Cote D'ivoire ◽  
Côte D’Ivoire ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Carbonaceous Aerosol ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Cote D’Ivoire ◽  
Côte D'ivoire ◽  
Combustion Sources

Abstract. Air pollution in West Africa is far to be well characterized. It was the rationale of the Air Pollution and Health work package in the DACCIWA (Dynamics-Aerosol-Chemistry-Cloud Interactions in West Africa) program. Intensive measurement campaigns were running in two West African capitals (Abidjan in Côte d’Ivoire and Cotonou in Benin), to examine size distribution of the particulate matter (PM) concentrations and their chemical composition (Elemental Carbon (EC), Organic Carbon (OC), Water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC), Water-soluble inorganic ions (WSI) and trace metals). This work aims to characterize PM from different sites in Abidjan, the economic capital of Cote d’Ivoire, typical of Domestic Fire (ADF), Traffic (AT) and Waste Burning (AWB) and Cotonou, the capital of Benin, representative of Traffic (CT). These selected sites, impacted by a large amount of pollution levels, are representative of the main combustion sources prevailing in South West Africa during dry and wet seasons. To address this concern, intensive campaigns in Abidjan and Cotonou have been conducted in July (2015 and 2016) and January (2016 and 2017). Results show a well-marked seasonality, inter-annual and spatial variabilities and the PM levels at the studied areas are generally higher than the WHO guidelines. The average mass concentrations in the wet season were 90.3, 104.1, 69.1 and 517.3 μg m−3 at AT, CT, AWB and ADF sites, respectively. The largest value at ADF site is due to the contribution of smoking and roasting activities. By contrast in the dry season, the concentrations increase to 141.3, 269.7 and 175.3 μg m−3 at AT, CT and AWB site, respectively whereas at ADF site concentration decreases to 375.7 μg m−3. The chemical aerosol mass closure shows that dust contributed for 25–65 % at the both traffic and AWB sites, and 10–30 % at ADF with a clear seasonal cycle. A large variability of POM is observed with contribution range of 37–68 % at ADF, 20–42 % at AT, 10–34 % at AWB and 15–22 % at CT. The contribution of WSI to bulk PM (lower than 20 %) is 2–3 times larger in wet season than dry season, except at ADF site where no season variation is observed. The most dominant species in WSI fraction at ADF are chloride (18–36 % of the total ions), potassium (8–22 %) and calcium (13–25 %), while at the rest of the sites, nitrates (21–36 %), chlorides (6–30 %) and sulfates (9–20 %) are higher. At all sites, the proportion of EC is twice higher in dry season than in wet season. Carbonaceous aerosol (sum of EC and POM) and dust particles are the two major contributors to the different particle fractions with carbonaceous aerosol predominant at Abidjan and dust at Cotonou. The highest carbonaceous aerosol contribution is obtained at ADF (up to 75 % of total PM), while at the other sites its contribution ranges between 18 and 35 %. WSOC levels are higher at the traffic sites during the dry season, while during the wet season they are maximum at ADF and AWB sites. Element trace characterization is also determined, showing predominance of Al, Na and Ca followed by Fe, K and Mg. Our study highlights the contribution of different traffic emissions in two major West African cities in atmospheric aerosol composition but also the one of domestic fire and waste combustion sources. It constitutes an original database to characterize urban air pollution for specific African combustion sources.

scholarly journals Impact of social distancing measures on the daily number of new COVID-19 cases in Côte d’Ivoire: a retrospective cohort study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teegwende V. Porgo ◽  
Khadidja Malloum Boukar ◽  
Ezechiel A. Djallo ◽  
Richard Quansah Amissah ◽  
Coralie Assy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Cote D'ivoire ◽  
Côte D’Ivoire ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cote D’Ivoire ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Daily Number ◽  
Côte D'ivoire ◽  
Period 2

AbstractIntroductionCôte d’Ivoire is facing a second wave of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). While social distancing measures (SDM) may be an option to address this wave, SDM may be devastating, especially if they have a minimal impact on the spread of COVID-19, given the other measures in place.MethodsWe conducted a cohort study involving cases that had occurred as at June 30, 2020. We used data from the Government’s situation reports. We established three study periods, which correspond to the implementation and easing of SDM, including a 10-day delay for test results: (1) the SDM (March 11 - May 24), (2) the no SDM (May 25 - June 21), and (3) the pseudo SDM (June 22 - July 10) periods. We compared the incidence rate during these periods using Poisson regression, with sex, age, and the average daily number of tests as covariates.ResultsAs at July 10, there were 12,052 cases. The incidence rate was 100% higher during period 2 compared to period 1 (incidence rate ratio = 2.05, 95% confidence interval: 1.75-2.41) and 25% lower during period 3 compared to period 2 (0.75 [0.66-0.86]).ConclusionsThe easing and subsequent reinforcement of SDM had a significant impact on the spread of COVID-19 in Côte d’Ivoire. The other mitigation measures either did not compensate for the easing of the SDM during the no SDM period or were not fully effective throughout the study periods; they should be strengthened before the SDM are reimplemented.

scholarly journals Premières données sur les variations saisonnières de la communauté d’oiseaux du barrage urbain de Koko (Korhogo, Côte d’Ivoire)

2019 ◽  
Vol 41.2 ◽  
pp. 6926-6939
Author(s):  
NIAMIEN Coffi Jean Magloire ◽  
KONAN Ekoun Michaël ◽  
ODOUKPE Kadio Saint Guillaume ◽  
YAOKOKORE-BEIBRO Kouassi Hilaire ◽  
N’GORAN Kouakou Eliézer
Keyword(s):  
Cote D'ivoire ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Côte D’Ivoire ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Resident Species ◽  
Cote D’Ivoire ◽  
South Central ◽  
Frequent Species ◽  
Côte D'ivoire

Les oiseaux rendent d’importants services écologiques nécessaires au bien-être de l’homme. En Côte d’Ivoire, l’essentiel des études ornithologiques se sont déroulées au sud, et accessoirement au centre et au centre-ouest. En outre, très peu de travaux ont porté sur les zones humides. La ville de Korhogo abrite des barrages à vocation agro-pastorale qui n’ont été l’objet d’aucune étude. Pour combler ce manque de connaissance, une étude a été menée de février 2016 à janvier 2017. L’objectif de ce travail est d’évaluer la richesse spécifique et de déterminer l’influence des saisons sur la distribution qualitative de la communauté des oiseaux du barrage urbain de Koko dans la commune de Korhogo. Pour ce faire, des observations directes, utilisant la méthode des transects ponctuée d’arrêts d’environ 15 minutes, ont été effectuées. Les résultats indiquent que cette communauté est constituée de 63 espèces d’oiseaux appartenant à 32 familles et regroupées en 14 ordres. Globalement, l’ordre des Passériformes et la famille des Ardeidae sont les mieux représentés. Du point de vue de leur statut biogéographique, les espèces résidentes (37 individus : 59 %) et accidentelles (23 individus : 36,51%) sont majoritaires. Le plus grand nombre d’espèces a été observé en saison des pluies (52 individus : 82,54%). Sept espèces ont été spécifiques de la saison sèche alors que trois espèces sont caractéristiques de la saison des pluies. Les espèces résidentes ont été les nombreuses en toute saison. Au niveau structural, les espèces accessoires, les espèces assez-fréquentes et les espèces fréquentes ont été les mieux représentées en saison sèche tandis que les espèces assez-fréquentes ont été majoritaires en saison des pluies. Cette étude confirme la distribution des communautés des oiseaux selon les saisons. ABSTRACT Birds provide important ecosystem services necessary for human well-being. In Côte d'Ivoire, ornithological studies were carried out in the south, central and central-west. In addition, very little work has been done on wetlands. The Commune of Korhogo is home to agro-pastoral dams that have not been studied. To fill in this gap of information, a study was conducted from February 2016 to January 2017. The aim of this study was to assess the specific richness and to examine the effect of seasons on the qualitative distribution of the Koko urban dam birds’ community. Direct observations using the method of line transects with a 15 minutes points were carried out. Results show that this community consists of 63 species of birds belonging to 32 families and grouped in 14 orders. Globally, the order of the Passeriformes and the family of Ardeidae were the best represented. In terms of their biogeographical status, resident species (37 individuals: 59%) and accidental species (23 individuals: 36.51%) were dominant. The high number of bird species was observed during the rainy season (52 individuals: 82.54%). Seven species were specific to the dry season while three species are characteristic of the rainy season. Resident species were numerous in all seasons. The accessory and relatively frequent species have been the most abundant during the dry season while the fairly frequent species were predominant in the rainy season. This study confirms the distribution of bird communities according to the seasons.

Modernity, Autochthony and the Ivorian Nation: the End of a Century in Côte d'Ivoire

Africa ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 80 (4) ◽  
pp. 527-552 ◽  
Author(s):  
Armando Cutolo
Keyword(s):  
Public Space ◽  
Cote D'ivoire ◽  
Côte D’Ivoire ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Political ◽  
Bare Life ◽  
Cote D’Ivoire ◽  
Post Colonial ◽  
Historical Continuity ◽  
Côte D'ivoire

ABSTRACTIn the mid-1990s, Côte d'Ivoire witnessed the rise of the ideology of ivoirité, a conception of citizenship based on autochthonous origins. Ivoirité was elaborated by a group of Ivorian intellectuals in the context of the political struggle opposing Henry Konan Bedié to Alassane Ouattara in the succession to the late President Houphouët-Boigny. Through the tactical use of the rhetoric of ivoirité, Ouattara was depicted by his adversaries as a ‘Burkinabé’ trying to rule the country. Going beyond this tactical aspect, the article addresses the ideological relations linking ivoirité to the ‘project of an Ivorian liberal society’ explicitly constructed by the same intellectuals. These relations contributed to the emergence, in the Ivorian public space, of a discourse establishing self-evident, hegemonic connections between notions like autochthony, modernity and nationality, on the one hand, and biopolitical concepts like population, immigration, security and resources on the other. The article uses two complementary perspectives to frame this emergent discourse. One focuses on the historical continuity of the political-economic strategies and population policies implemented by colonial governments and post-colonial elites. The other uses Giorgio Agamben's critical enquiry into citizenship and nationality to bring to light the implication of the ivoirité intellectuals in the construction of a national bios, and thus in the singling out of a paradigmatic form of bare life.

scholarly journals L’influence De La Contrebande Sur Le Developpement De La Ville Frontaliere De Niable Au Centre-Est De La Cote d’Ivoire

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 313
Author(s):  
Atta Koffi ◽  
Gogbe Téré ◽  
Kouassi Nguessan Gilbert ◽  
Kouadio Datté Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Cote D'ivoire ◽  
Côte D’Ivoire ◽  
The Other ◽  
Spatial Change ◽  
Modus Operandi ◽  
Cote D’Ivoire ◽  
Côte D'ivoire ◽  
Border Town ◽  
The One ◽  
The Town

In the border town of Niablé, smuggling is omnipresent. The operation of this activity is based on the one hand, on social cultural relationship between neigh boring populations, and on the other hand on monetary disparities between Ghana and Côte d’Ivoire. Without denying the truth fullness of such an activity, smugglers, organized in a highly hierarchical system operate according to a strict behavioral code where one’s given word and mutual confidence are the sole modus operandi. It permits them to bring goods of diverse natures (oil products, food, pharmaceuticals, second-hand clothes drinks, etc.) in Niablé. Thus, this activity seems to be a real opportunity for these smugglers, longing for the improvement of their welfare. Besides, the smuggling allows its actors to contribute to the town’s blossoming. Such a perception of smuggling gives an idea of the animation going on in this border town. In a word, though we want it or not smuggling participates in the socio-spatial change of the town even if sometimes, it stands as an obstacle to its development. Through this contribution, we are willing to show the operation of smuggling and its influence on the town of Niablé.

scholarly journals Fat Content and Fatty Acids Profile in Follow-on Formulas Commercialized in Côte d'Ivoire

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 54
Author(s):  
André Philippe S. Kpaibé ◽  
Yao Aya K.A. Kouassi ◽  
N’goran Jean Simon T. Yao ◽  
Alexandre Koko N’bra ◽  
Sylvain K. Dibi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cote D'ivoire ◽  
Côte D’Ivoire ◽  
Gravimetric Method ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cote D’Ivoire ◽  
Market Control ◽  
Fatty Acids Profile ◽  
Côte D'ivoire ◽  
Post Market

<p><em>This study evaluates the follow-on formula for infants. These products are available under several brands in the Ivorian market. In order to verify their conformity to the WHO standards a post-market control by gravimetric method and gas chromatography with mass spectrometry is executed to evaluate the quantity and quality of fat products contained in the milks of brands available in Côte d’Ivoire. Out of the nine brands of milks analyzed, only four of them were close to the values revealed by their manufacturers, whereas the other products had their values below their respective indications.</em></p>

scholarly journals Spatial Distribution of Elephants versus Human and Ecological Variables in Western Ghana

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emmanuel Danquah
Keyword(s):  
Cote D'ivoire ◽  
Côte D’Ivoire ◽  
Secondary Forest ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Conservation Area ◽  
Forest Reserve ◽  
Cote D’Ivoire ◽  
Côte D'ivoire ◽  
Ecological Variables ◽  
Forest Elephants

An elephant survey was conducted in the Bia-Goaso Forest Block in western Ghana during the wet season month of November 2012 to determine the distribution of elephants and assess the human and ecological variables that affect them. One hundred and thirty 1-kilometre transects were systematically distributed in three strata (high, medium, and low density) based on elephant dung pile density recorded in an initial reconnaissance. Elephant activity was concentrated in southern and mid-Bia Conservation Area, the southern tip of Bia North Forest Reserve, and eastern Mpameso Forest Reserve towards the adjoining Bia Shelter belt, indicating a clumped distribution. Secondary forest, water availability, poaching activity, and proximity to roads and settlements explained a high proportion of variance in elephant distribution. Given that the Bia-Goaso Forest Block forms an important biogeographic corridor between Ghana and Cote d’Ivoire, more effort should be directed at mitigating the problems such as poaching activity, vehicular traffic, and impacts of settlements that hinder seasonal movements of forest elephants between western Ghana and eastern Cote d’Ivoire.

scholarly journals Insurgent Nationalism: Political Imagination and Rupture in Côte d'Ivoire

2013 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 3-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Till Förster
Keyword(s):  
Cote D'ivoire ◽  
Côte D’Ivoire ◽  
The Other ◽  
Political Imagination ◽  
Cote D’Ivoire ◽  
Côte D'ivoire ◽  
The Government

Non-separatist insurgents unable to overthrow a sitting government often face a problem successful rebellions can avoid: They are not the only players who can claim to be acting on behalf of the nation. They will have to imagine the nation in a new way that distinguishes them from the older, established nationalism usually promoted by the existing government. This new nationalism aims to legitimise their actions, but first and foremost it has to be attractive to the population in the region under insurgent control and later to others as well. Each camp, the government and the insurgent side, articulates its understanding of the nation to the other side. In the process, both sides often also adopt different forms of imagination to render the specifics of their nationalism more visible to their followers as well as to partisans in the other camp. This article analyses this political articulation by taking Côte d'Ivoire as an example.

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