Impact of North America on the aerosol composition in the North Atlantic free troposphere
Abstract. In the AEROATLAN project we study the composition of aerosols collected over ~ 5 years at Izaña Observatory (located at ~ 2400 m a.s.l. in Tenerife, the Canary Islands) under the prevailing westerly airflows typical of the North Atlantic free troposphere at subtropical and mid-latitudes. Mass concentrations of sub10-µm aerosols (PM10) carried by westerly winds to Izaña, after transatlantic transport, are typically within the range 1.2 and 4.2 µg m−3 (20th and 80th percentiles). The main contributors to background levels of aerosols (PM10 within the 1st–50th percentiles = 0.15–2.54 µg m−3) are North American dust (53 %), non-sea-salt-SO4= (14 %) and organic matter (18 %). High PM10 events (75th–95th percentiles ≈ 4.0–9.0 µg m−3) and are prompted by dust (56 %), organic matter (24 %) and nss-SO4= (9 %). These aerosol components experience a seasonal evolution explained by (i) their spatial distribution in North America and (ii) the seasonal shift of the North American outflow, which migrates from low latitudes in winter (~ 32º N, January–March) to high latitudes in summer (~ 52º N, August–September). The westerlies carry maximum loads of nss-sulphate, ammonium and organic matter in spring (March–May), of North American dust from mid-winter to mid-spring (February–May) and of elemental carbon in summer (August–September). Our results suggest that a significant fraction of organic aerosols may be linked to sources other than combustion (e.g. biogenic); further studies are necessary for this topic. The present study evidences how long-term evolution of the aerosol composition in the North Atlantic free troposphere will be influenced by air quality policies and the use of soils (potential dust emitter) in North America.