scholarly journals Estimates of lightning NO<sub>x</sub> production from GOME satellite observations

2005 ◽  
Vol 5 (9) ◽  
pp. 2311-2331 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. F. Boersma ◽  
H. J. Eskes ◽  
E. W. Meijer ◽  
H. M. Kelder
Keyword(s):  
Transport Model ◽  
Convective Cloud ◽  
Temporal Correlation ◽  
Quantitative Agreement ◽  
Lightning Flash ◽  
Chemistry Transport Model ◽  
Cloud Properties ◽  
Tropospheric No2 ◽  
Cloud Tops ◽  
Lightning Nox

Abstract. Tropospheric NO2 column retrievals from the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME) satellite spectrometer are used to quantify the source strength and 3-D distribution of lightning produced nitrogen oxides (NOx=NO+NO2). A sharp increase of NO2 is observed at convective cloud tops with increasing cloud top height, consistent with a power-law behaviour with power 5±2. Convective production of clouds with the same cloud height are found to produce NO2 with a ratio 1.6/1 for continents compared to oceans. This relation between cloud properties and NO2 is used to construct a 10:30 local time global lightning NO2 production map for 1997. An extensive statistical comparison is conducted to investigate the capability of the TM3 chemistry transport model to reproduce observed patterns of lightning NO2 in time and space. This comparison uses the averaging kernel to relate modelled profiles of NO2 to observed NO2 columns. It exploits a masking scheme to minimise the interference of other NOx sources on the observed total columns. Simulations are performed with two lightning parameterizations, one relating convective preciptation (CP scheme) to lightning flash distributions, and the other relating the fifth power of the cloud top height (H5 scheme) to lightning distributions. The satellite-retrieved NO2 fields show significant correlations with the simulated lightning contribution to the NO2 concentrations for both parameterizations. Over tropical continents modelled lightning NO2 shows remarkable quantitative agreement with observations. Over the oceans however, the two model lightning parameterizations overestimate the retrieved NO2 attributed to lightning. Possible explanations for these overestimations are discussed. The ratio between satellite-retrieved NO2 and modelled lightning NO2 is used to rescale the original modelled lightning NOx production. Eight estimates of the lightning NOx production in 1997 are obtained from spatial and temporal correlation methods, from cloud-free and cloud-covered observations, and from two different lightning parameterizations. Accounting for a wide variety of random and possible systematic errors, we estimate the global NOx production from lightning to be in the range 1.1–6.4 Tg N in 1997.

scholarly journals Estimates of lightning NO<sub>x</sub> production from GOME satellite observations

2005 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 3047-3104 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. F. Boersma ◽  
H. J. Eskes ◽  
E. W. Meijer ◽  
H. M. Kelder
Keyword(s):  
Transport Model ◽  
Convective Cloud ◽  
Temporal Correlation ◽  
Quantitative Agreement ◽  
Lightning Flash ◽  
Chemistry Transport Model ◽  
Cloud Properties ◽  
Tropospheric No2 ◽  
Cloud Tops ◽  
Lightning Nox

Abstract. Tropospheric NO2 column retrievals from the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME) satellite spectrometer are used to quantify the source strength and 3D distribution of lightning produced nitrogen oxides (NOx=NO2+NO2). A sharp increase of NO2 is observed at convective cloud tops with increasing cloud top height, consistent with a power-law behaviour with power 5±2. Convective production of clouds with the same cloud height are found to produce NO2 with a ratio 1.6/1 for continents compared to oceans. This relation between cloud properties and NO2 is used to construct a 10:30 local time global lightning NO2 production map for 1997. An extensive statistical comparison is conducted to investigate the capability of the TM3 chemistry transport model to reproduce observed patterns of lightning NO2 in time and space. This comparison uses the averaging kernel to relate modelled profiles of NO2 to observed NO2 columns. It exploits a masking scheme to minimise the interference of other NOx sources on the observed total columns. Simulations are performed with two lightning parametrisations, one relating convective preciptation (CP scheme) to lightning flash distributions, and the other relating the fifth power of the cloud top height (H5 scheme) to lightning distributions. The satellite-retrieved NO2 fields show significant correlations with the simulated lightning contribution to the NO2 concentrations for both parametrisations. Over tropical continents modelled lightning NO2 shows remarkable quantitative agreement with observations. Over the oceans however, the two model lightning parametrisations overestimate the retrieved NO2 attributed to lightning. Possible explanations for these overestimations are discussed. The ratio between satellite-retrieved NO2 and modelled lightning NO2 is used to rescale the original modelled lightning NOx production. Eight estimates of the lightning NOx production in 1997 are obtained from spatial and temporal correlation methods, from cloud-free and cloud-covered observations, and from two different lightning parametrisations. Accounting for a wide variety of random and possible systematic errors, we estimate the global NOx production from lightning to be in the range 1.1–6.4 TgN in 1997.

scholarly journals Operational total and tropospheric NO<sub>2</sub> column retrieval for GOME-2

2011 ◽  
Vol 4 (7) ◽  
pp. 1491-1514 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Valks ◽  
G. Pinardi ◽  
A. Richter ◽  
J.-C. Lambert ◽  
N. Hao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Chemistry ◽  
Transport Model ◽  
Optical Absorption Spectroscopy ◽  
Chemistry Transport Model ◽  
Air Mass ◽  
Cloud Properties ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Tropospheric No2 ◽  
Data Processor ◽  
Radiance Data

Abstract. This paper presents the algorithm for the operational near real time retrieval of total and tropospheric NO2 columns from the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME-2). The retrieval is performed with the GOME Data Processor (GDP) version 4.4 as used by the EUMETSAT Satellite Application Facility on Ozone and Atmospheric Chemistry Monitoring (O3M-SAF). The differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS) method is used to determine NO2 slant columns from GOME-2 (ir)radiance data in the 425–450 nm range. Initial total NO2 columns are computed using stratospheric air mass factors, and GOME-2 derived cloud properties are used to calculate the air mass factors for scenarios in the presence of clouds. To obtain the stratospheric NO2 component, a spatial filtering approach is used, which is shown to be an improvement on the Pacific reference sector method. Tropospheric air mass factors are computed using monthly averaged NO2 profiles from the MOZART-2 chemistry transport model. An error analysis shows that the random error in the GOME-2 NO2 slant columns is approximately 0.45 × 1015 molec cm−2. As a result of the improved quartz diffuser plate used in the GOME-2 instrument, the systematic error in the slant columns is strongly reduced compared to GOME/ERS-2. The estimated uncertainty in the GOME-2 tropospheric NO2 column for polluted conditions ranges from 40 to 80 %. An end-to-end ground-based validation approach for the GOME-2 NO2 columns is illustrated based on multi-axis MAXDOAS measurements at the Observatoire de Haute Provence (OHP). The GOME-2 stratospheric NO2 columns are found to be in good overall agreement with coincident ground-based measurements at OHP. A time series of the MAXDOAS and the GOME-2 tropospheric NO2 columns shows that pollution episodes at OHP are well captured by GOME-2. Monthly mean tropospheric columns are in very good agreement, with differences generally within 0.5 × 1015 molec cm−2.

scholarly journals Operational total and tropospheric NO<sub>2</sub> column retrieval for GOME-2

2011 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 1617-1676 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Valks ◽  
G. Pinardi ◽  
A. Richter ◽  
J.-C. Lambert ◽  
N. Hao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Chemistry ◽  
Transport Model ◽  
Optical Absorption Spectroscopy ◽  
Chemistry Transport Model ◽  
Air Mass ◽  
Cloud Properties ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Tropospheric No2 ◽  
Data Processor ◽  
Radiance Data

Abstract. This paper presents the algorithm for the operational near real time retrieval of total and tropospheric NO2 columns from the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME-2). The retrieval is performed with the GOME Data Processor (GDP) version 4.4 as used by the EUMETSAT Satellite Application Facility on Ozone and Atmospheric Chemistry Monitoring (O3M-SAF). The Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (DOAS) method is used to determine NO2 slant columns from GOME-2 (ir)radiance data in the 425–450 nm range. Initial total NO2 columns are computed using stratospheric air mass factors, and GOME-2 derived cloud properties are used to calculate the air mass factors for scenarios in the presence of clouds. To obtain the stratospheric NO2 component, a spatial filtering approach is used, which is shown to be an improvement on the Pacific reference sector method. Tropospheric air mass factors are computed using monthly averaged NO2 profiles from the MOZART-2 chemistry transport model. An error assessment shows that the random error in the GOME-2 NO2 slant columns is approximately 0.45 × 1015 molec cm−2. As a result of the improved quartz diffuser plate used in the GOME-2 instrument, the systematic error in the slant columns is strongly reduced compared to GOME/ERS-2. The estimated uncertainty in the GOME-2 tropospheric NO2 column for polluted conditions ranges from 40 to 80%. An end-to-end ground-based validation approach for the GOME-2 NO2 columns is illustrated based on MAX-DOAS measurements at the Observatoire de Haute Provence (OHP). The GOME-2 stratospheric NO2 columns are found to be in good overall agreement with coincident ground-based measurements at OHP. A time series of the MAX-DOAS and the GOME-2 tropospheric NO2 columns shows that pollution episodes at OHP are well captured by GOME-2. Monthly mean tropospheric columns are in very good agreement, with differences generally within 0.5 × 1015 molec cm−2.

scholarly journals Top-Down NOX Emissions of European Cities Based on the Downwind Plume of Modelled and Space-Borne Tropospheric NO2 Columns

Sensors ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (9) ◽  
pp. 2893 ◽  
Author(s):  
Willem W. Verstraeten ◽  
Klaas Folkert Boersma ◽  
John Douros ◽  
Jason E. Williams ◽  
Henk Eskes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Transport Model ◽  
Nox Emissions ◽  
Inventory Data ◽  
Ozone Monitoring Instrument ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Chemistry Transport Model ◽  
European Cities ◽  
Tropospheric No2

Top-down estimates of surface NOX emissions were derived for 23 European cities based on the downwind plume decay of tropospheric nitrogen dioxide (NO2) columns from the LOTOS-EUROS (Long Term Ozone Simulation-European Ozone Simulation) chemistry transport model (CTM) and from Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) satellite retrievals, averaged for the summertime period (April–September) during 2013. Here we show that the top-down NOX emissions derived from LOTOS-EUROS for European urban areas agree well with the bottom-up NOX emissions from the MACC-III inventory data (R2 = 0.88) driving the CTM demonstrating the potential of this method. OMI top-down NOX emissions over the 23 European cities are generally lower compared with the MACC-III emissions and their correlation is slightly lower (R2 = 0.79). The uncertainty on the derived NO2 lifetimes and NOX emissions are on average ~55% for OMI and ~63% for LOTOS-EUROS data. The downwind NO2 plume method applied on both LOTOS-EUROS and OMI tropospheric NO2 columns allows to estimate NOX emissions from urban areas, demonstrating that this is a useful method for real-time updates of urban NOX emissions with reasonable accuracy.

scholarly journals Rapid Scan Visible Imagery from the Geostationary Lightning Mapper (GLM) at 2.5-Minute Intervals

2020 ◽  
Vol 148 (12) ◽  
pp. 5105-5112
Author(s):  
Daniel J. Cecil ◽  
Dennis E. Buechler ◽  
John R. Mecikalski ◽  
Xuanli Li
Keyword(s):  
Vertical Wind Shear ◽  
Convective Cloud ◽  
Horizontal Resolution ◽  
Western Hemisphere ◽  
Lightning Flash ◽  
Convective Initiation ◽  
Severe Thunderstorm ◽  
Cloud Tops ◽  
Ash Cloud ◽  
Full Disk

AbstractThe Geostationary Lightning Mapper (GLM) is an instrument designed to continuously monitor lightning. It is on the GOES-16 and GOES-17 satellites, viewing much of the Western Hemisphere equatorward of 55°. Besides recording lightning-flash information, it transmits background visible-band images of its field of view every 2.5 min. The background images are not calibrated or geolocated, and they only have ~10-km grid spacing, but their 2.5-min sampling can potentially fill temporal gaps between full-disk imagery from the GOES satellites’ Advanced Baseline Imager. This paper applies an initial calibration and geolocation of the GLM background images and focuses on animations for two cases: a volcanic eruption in Guatemala and a severe thunderstorm complex in Argentina. Those locations typically have 10-min intervals between full-disk scans. Prior to April 2019, the interval was 15 min. Despite coarse horizontal resolution, the rapid updates from GLM background images appear to be useful in these cases. The 3 June 2018 eruption of Fuego Volcano appears in the GLM background imagery as an initial darkening of the pixels very near the volcano and then an outward expansion of the dark ash cloud. The GLM background imagery lacks horizontal textural detail but compensates for this lack with temporal detail. The ash cloud resembles a dark blob steadily expanding from frame to frame. Animation of the severe thunderstorm scene reveals vertical wind shear, with northerly low-level flow across a growing cumulus field and west-northwesterly upper-level flow at anvil level. Convective initiation is seen, as are propagating outflow boundaries and overshooting convective cloud tops.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the LOTOS-EUROS NO<sub>2</sub> simulations using ground-based measurements and S5P/TROPOMI observations over Greece

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ioanna Skoulidou ◽  
Maria-Elissavet Koukouli ◽  
Astrid Manders ◽  
Arjo Segers ◽  
Dimitris Karagkiozidis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Correlation ◽  
Extreme Values ◽  
Transport Model ◽  
Monitoring Network ◽  
Temporal Correlation ◽  
Chemical Transport ◽  
Pollution Monitoring ◽  
Chemical Transport Model ◽  
Air Pollution Monitoring ◽  
Tropospheric No2

Abstract. The evaluation of chemical transport models, CTMs, is essential for the assessment of their performance regarding the physical and chemical parameterizations used. While regional CTMs have been widely used and evaluated over Europe, their validation over Greece is limited. In this study, we investigate the performance of the LOTOS-EUROS v2.2.001 regional chemical transport model in simulating nitrogen dioxide, NO2, over Greece from June to December 2018. In-situ NO2 measurements obtained from the National Air Pollution Monitoring Network are compared with surface simulations over the two major cities of Greece, Athens and Thessaloniki. The model reproduces well the spatial variability of the measured NO2 with a spatial correlation coefficient of 0.85 for the period between June and December 2018. About half of the 14 air quality monitoring stations show a good temporal correlation to the simulations, higher than 0.6, during daytime (12–15 p.m. local time), while the corresponding biases are negative. Most stations show stronger negative biases during winter than in summer. Furthermore, the simulated tropospheric NO2 columns are evaluated against ground-based MAX-DOAS NO2 measurements and space-borne Sentinel 5-Precursor TROPOMI tropospheric NO2 observations in July and December 2018. LOTOS-EUROS captures better the NO2 temporal variability in December (0.61 and 0.81) than in July (0.50 and 0.21) when compared to the corresponding measurements of the MAX-DOAS instruments in Thessaloniki and the rural azimuth viewing direction in Athens respectively. The urban azimuth viewing direction in Athens region however shows a better correlation in July than in December (0.41 and 0.19, respectively). LOTOS-EUROS NO2 columns over Athens and Thessaloniki agree well with the TROPOMI observations showing higher spatial correlation in July (0.95 and 0.82, respectively) than in December (0.82 and 0.66, respectively) while the relative temporal correlations are higher during winter. Overall, the comparison of the simulations with the TROPOMI observations shows a model underestimation in summer and an overestimation in winter both in Athens and Thessaloniki. Updated emissions for the simulations and model improvements when extreme values of boundary layer height are encountered are further suggested.

Air pollution and cloud-interaction over Europe in 1985 and today

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roland Schrödner ◽  
Christa Genz ◽  
Bernd Heinold ◽  
Holger Baars ◽  
Silvia Henning ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Radiative Forcing ◽  
Transport Model ◽  
Cloud Droplet ◽  
Forecast Model ◽  
Sensitivity Study ◽  
High Definition ◽  
Chemistry Transport Model ◽  
Meteorological Model ◽  
Cloud Properties ◽  
Aerosol Mass

&lt;p&gt;Aerosol concentrations over Europe and Germany were simulated for the years 1985 and 2013 using the aerosol-chemistry transport model COSMO-MUSCAT. The aerosol fields from the two simulations were used in a high-resolution meteorological model for a sensitivity study on cloud properties. The modelled aerosol and cloud variables were compared to a variety of available observations, including satellites, remote sensing and in-situ observations. Finally, the radiative forcing of the aerosol could be estimated from the different sensitivity simulations.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Due to reduction of emissions the ambient aerosol mass and number in Europe was strongly decreased since the 1980s. Hence, today&amp;#8217;s number of particles in the CCN size range is smaller. The HD(CP)&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (High Definition Clouds and Precipitation for Climate Prediction) project amongst others aimed at analysing the effect of the emission reduction on cloud properties.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;As a pre-requiste, the aerosol mass, number, and composition over Germany were simulated for 1985 and 2013 using the regional chemistry-transport-model COSMO-MUSCAT. The EDGAR emission inventory was used for both years.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The model results were compared to observations from the two HD(CP)&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; campaigns that took place in 2013 (HOPE, HOPE-Melpitz) as well as the AVHRR aerosol optical thickness product, which is available from 1981 onwards. Despite the fact, that emissions of the 1980s are very uncertain, the modelled AOD is in good agreement with observations. The modelled mean CCN number concentration in 1985 is a factor of 2-4 higher than in 2013.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Within HD(CP)&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, the ICON weather forecast model was applied in a configuration allowing for large-eddy simulations. In these simulations, the time-varying CCN fields for the year 1985 and 2013 calculated with COSMO-MUSCAT were used as input for ICON-LEM. In the present-day simulation, the cloud droplet number agrees with observations, whereas the perturbed (1985) simulation does not with droplet numbers about twice as high as in 2013. Also, for other cloud variables systematic changes between the two scenarios were observed.&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals Shipborne MAX-DOAS measurements for validation of TROPOMI NO<sub>2</sub> products

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 1413-1426 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ping Wang ◽  
Ankie Piters ◽  
Jos van Geffen ◽  
Olaf Tuinder ◽  
Piet Stammes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Column Density ◽  
Transport Model ◽  
Massively Parallel ◽  
Optical Absorption Spectroscopy ◽  
Vertical Column ◽  
Chemistry Transport Model ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Tropospheric No2 ◽  
Vertical Column Density ◽  
Good Agreement

Abstract. Tropospheric NO2 and stratospheric NO2 vertical column densities are important TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) data products. In order to validate the TROPOMI NO2 products, KNMI Multi-AXis Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) instruments have measured NO2 on ship cruises over the Atlantic and the Pacific oceans. The MAX-DOAS instruments have participated in five cruises on board RV Sonne (in 2017 and 2019) and RV Maria S. Merian (in 2018). The MAX-DOAS measurements were acquired over 7 months and spanned about 90∘ in latitude and 300∘ in longitude. During the cruises aerosol measurements from Microtops sun photometers were also taken. The MAX-DOAS measured stratospheric NO2 columns between 1.5×1015 and 3.5×1015 molec cm−2 and tropospheric NO2 up to 0.6×1015 molec cm−2. The MAX-DOAS stratospheric NO2 vertical column densities have been compared with TROPOMI stratospheric NO2 vertical column densities and the stratospheric NO2 vertical column densities simulated by the global chemistry Transport Model, version 5, Massively Parallel model (TM5-MP). Good correlation is found between the MAX-DOAS and TROPOMI and TM5 stratospheric NO2 vertical column densities, with a correlation coefficient of 0.93 or larger. The TROPOMI and TM5 stratospheric NO2 vertical column densities are about 0.4×1015 molec cm−2 (19 %) higher than the MAX-DOAS measurements. The TROPOMI tropospheric NO2 also has good agreement with the MAX-DOAS measurements. The tropospheric NO2 vertical column density is as low as 0.5×1015 molec cm−2 over remote oceans.

scholarly journals Object-Based Evaluation of MERRA Cloud Physical Properties and Radiative Fluxes during the 1998 El Niño–La Niña Transition

2012 ◽  
Vol 25 (21) ◽  
pp. 7313-7327 ◽  
Author(s):  
Derek J. Posselt ◽  
Andrew R. Jongeward ◽  
Chuan-Yuan Hsu ◽  
Gerald L. Potter
Keyword(s):  
Optical Depth ◽  
Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission ◽  
Convective Cloud ◽  
Shortwave Radiation ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Water Path ◽  
Convective Systems ◽  
Cloud Properties ◽  
Cloud Tops ◽  
Deep Convective Cloud

The Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Application (MERRA) is a reanalysis designed to produce an improved representation of the Earth’s hydrologic cycle. This study examines the representation of deep convective clouds in MERRA, comparing analyzed liquid and ice clouds with deep convective cloud objects observed by instruments on the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission satellite. Results show that MERRA contains deep convective cloud in 98.1% of the observed cases. MERRA-derived probability density functions (PDFs) of cloud properties have a similar form as the observed PDFs and exhibit a similar trend with changes in object size. Total water path, optical depth, and outgoing shortwave radiation (OSR) in MERRA are found to match the cloud object observations quite well; however, there appears to be a bias toward higher-than-observed cloud tops in the MERRA. The reanalysis fits the observations most closely for the largest class of convective systems, with performance generally decreasing with a transition to smaller convective systems. Comparisons of simulated total water path, optical depth, and OSR are found to be highly sensitive to the assumed subgrid distribution of condensate and indicate the need for caution when interpreting model-data comparisons that require disaggregation of grid-scale cloud to satellite pixel scales.

scholarly journals Modelling the global tropospheric ozone budget: exploring the variability in current models

2007 ◽  
Vol 7 (10) ◽  
pp. 2643-2660 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Wild
Keyword(s):  
Dry Deposition ◽  
Tropospheric Ozone ◽  
Transport Model ◽  
Recent Model ◽  
Ozone Production ◽  
Chemistry Transport Model ◽  
Chemical Mechanisms ◽  
Model Studies ◽  
Coarse Model ◽  
Lightning Nox

Abstract. What are the largest uncertainties in modelling ozone in the troposphere, and how do they affect the calculated ozone budget? Published chemistry-transport model studies of tropospheric ozone differ significantly in their conclusions regarding the importance of the key processes controlling the ozone budget: influx from the stratosphere, chemical processing and surface deposition. This study surveys ozone budgets from previous studies and demonstrates that about two thirds of the increase in ozone production seen between early assessments and more recent model intercomparisons can be accounted for by increased precursor emissions. Model studies using recent estimates of emissions compare better with ozonesonde measurements than studies using older data, and the tropospheric burden of ozone is closer to that derived here from measurement climatologies, 335±10 Tg. However, differences between individual model studies remain large and cannot be explained by surface precursor emissions alone; cross-tropopause transport, wet and dry deposition, humidity, and lightning also make large contributions. The importance of these processes is examined here using a chemistry-transport model to investigate the sensitivity of the calculated ozone budget to different assumptions about emissions, physical processes, meteorology and model resolution. The budget is particularly sensitive to the magnitude and location of lightning NOx emissions, which remain poorly constrained; the 3–8 TgN/yr range in recent model studies may account for a 10% difference in tropospheric ozone burden and a 1.4 year difference in CH4 lifetime. Differences in humidity and dry deposition account for some of the variability in ozone abundance and loss seen in previous studies, with smaller contributions from wet deposition and stratospheric influx. At coarse model resolutions stratospheric influx is systematically overestimated and dry deposition is underestimated; these differences are 5–8% at the 300–600 km grid-scales investigated here, similar in magnitude to the changes induced by interannual variability in meteorology. However, a large proportion of the variability between models remains unexplained, suggesting that differences in chemical mechanisms and dynamical schemes have a large impact on the calculated ozone budget, and these should be the target of future model intercomparisons.

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