scholarly journals Experimental studies on particle emissions from cruising ship, their characteristic properties, transformation and atmospheric lifetime in the marine boundary layer

2007 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 15105-15154 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Petzold ◽  
J. Hasselbach ◽  
P. Lauer ◽  
R. Baumann ◽  
K. Franke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Particle Number ◽  
Marine Boundary Layer ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Test Bed ◽  
Test Rig ◽  
Particle Emissions ◽  
Airborne Measurements ◽  
Emission Studies ◽  
Transformation Processes

Abstract. Particle emissions from ship engines and their atmospheric transformation in the marine boundary layer (MBL) were investigated in engine test bed studies and in airborne measurements of expanding ship plumes. During the test rig studies, detailed aerosol microphysical and chemical properties were measured in the exhaust gas of a serial MAN B{&amp;}W seven-cylinder four-stroke marine diesel engine under various load conditions. The emission studies were complemented by airborne aerosol transformation studies in the plume of a large container ship in the English Channel using the DLR aircraft Falcon 20 E-5. Observations from emission studies and plume studies combined with a Gaussian plume dispersion model yield a consistent picture of particle transformation processes from emission to atmospheric processing during plume expansion. Particulate matter emission indices obtained from plume measurements are 8.8±1.0×1015(kg fuel)−1 by number for non-volatile particles and 174±43 mg (kg fuel)−1 by mass for Black Carbon (BC). Values determined for test rig conditions between 85 and 110% engine load are of similar magnitude. For the total particle number including volatile compounds no emission index can be derived since the volatile aerosol fraction is subject to rapid transformation processes in the plume. Ship exhaust particles occur in the size range Dp<0.3 μm, showing a bi-modal structure. The combustion particle mode is centred at modal diameters of 0.05 μm for raw emissions to 0.10 μm at a plume age of 1 h. The smaller-sized volatile particle mode is centred at Dp≤0.02 μm. From the decay of ship exhaust particle number concentrations in an expanding plume, a maximum plume life time of approx. 24 h is estimated for a well-mixed marine boundary layer.

scholarly journals Experimental studies on particle emissions from cruising ship, their characteristic properties, transformation and atmospheric lifetime in the marine boundary layer

2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 2387-2403 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Petzold ◽  
J. Hasselbach ◽  
P. Lauer ◽  
R. Baumann ◽  
K. Franke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Particle Number ◽  
Marine Boundary Layer ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Test Bed ◽  
Test Rig ◽  
Particle Emissions ◽  
Airborne Measurements ◽  
Emission Studies ◽  
Transformation Processes

Abstract. Particle emissions from ship engines and their atmospheric transformation in the marine boundary layer (MBL) were investigated in engine test bed studies and in airborne measurements of expanding ship plumes. During the test rig studies, detailed aerosol microphysical and chemical properties were measured in the exhaust gas of a serial MAN B&amp;W seven-cylinder four-stroke marine diesel engine under various load conditions. The emission studies were complemented by airborne aerosol transformation studies in the plume of a large container ship in the English Channel using the DLR aircraft Falcon 20 E-5. Observations from emission studies and plume studies combined with a Gaussian plume dispersion model yield a consistent picture of particle transformation processes from emission to atmospheric processing during plume expansion. Particulate matter emission indices obtained from plume measurements are 8.8±1.0×1015(kg fuel)−1 by number for non-volatile particles and 174±43 mg (kg fuel)−1 by mass for Black Carbon (BC). Values determined for test rig conditions between 85 and 110% engine load are of similar magnitude. For the total particle number including volatile compounds no emission index can be derived since the volatile aerosol fraction is subject to rapid transformation processes in the plume. Ship exhaust particles occur in the size range Dp<0.3 μm, showing a bi-modal structure. The combustion particle mode is centred at modal diameters of 0.05 μm for raw emissions to 0.10 μm at a plume age of 1 h. The smaller-sized volatile particle mode is centred at Dp≤0.02 μm. From the decay of ship exhaust particle number concentrations in an expanding plume, a maximum plume life time of approx. 24 h is estimated for a well-mixed marine boundary layer.

scholarly journals Investigation of Regional and Seasonal Variations in Marine Boundary Layer Cloud Properties from MODIS Observations

2008 ◽  
Vol 21 (19) ◽  
pp. 4955-4973 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael P. Jensen ◽  
Andrew M. Vogelmann ◽  
William D. Collins ◽  
Guang J. Zhang ◽  
Edward P. Luke
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
General Circulation ◽  
Climate Models ◽  
Marine Boundary Layer ◽  
General Circulation Models ◽  
Test Bed ◽  
Liquid Water Path ◽  
Microphysical Properties ◽  
Cloud Properties ◽  
Peak Versus

Abstract To aid in understanding the role that marine boundary layer (MBL) clouds play in climate and assist in improving their representations in general circulation models (GCMs), their long-term microphysical and macroscale characteristics are quantified using observations from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) instrument aboard the National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s (NASA’s) Terra satellite. Six years of MODIS pixel-level cloud products are used from oceanic study regions off the west coasts of California, Peru, the Canary Islands, Angola, and Australia where these cloud types are common. Characterizations are given for their organization (macroscale structure), the associated microphysical properties, and the seasonal dependencies of their variations for scales consistent with the size of a GCM grid box (300 km × 300 km). MBL mesoscale structure is quantified using effective cloud diameter CD, which is introduced here as a simplified measure of bulk cloud organization; it is straightforward to compute and provides descriptive information beyond that offered by cloud fraction. The interrelationships of these characteristics are explored while considering the influences of the MBL state, such as the occurrence of drizzle. Several commonalities emerge for the five study regions. MBL clouds contain the best natural examples of plane-parallel clouds, but overcast clouds occur in only about 25% of the scenes, which emphasizes the importance of representing broken MBL cloud fields in climate models (that are subgrid scale). During the peak months of cloud occurrence, mesoscale organization (larger CD) increases such that the fractions of scenes characterized as “overcast” and “clumped” increase at the expense of the “scattered” scenes. Cloud liquid water path and visible optical depth usually trend strongly with CD, with the largest values occurring for scenes that are drizzling. However, considerable interregional differences exist in these trends, suggesting that different regression functionalities exist for each region. For peak versus off-peak months, the fraction of drizzling scenes (as a function of CD) are similar for California and Angola, which suggests that a single probability distribution function might be used for their drizzle occurrence in climate models. The patterns are strikingly opposite for Peru and Australia; thus, the contrasts among regions may offer a test bed for model simulations of MBL drizzle occurrence.

scholarly journals Measurements of volatile organic compounds over West Africa

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 3861-3892 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. G. Murphy ◽  
D. E. Oram ◽  
C. E. Reeves
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Volatile Organic Compounds ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Marine Boundary Layer ◽  
Deep Convection ◽  
Proton Transfer Reaction ◽  
Oxidation Products ◽  
High Time Resolution ◽  
Airborne Measurements ◽  
Volatile Organic

Abstract. In this paper we describe measurements of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) made using a Proton Transfer Reaction Mass Spectrometer (PTR-MS) aboard the UK Facility for Atmospheric Airborne Measurements during the African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analyses (AMMA) campaign. Observations were made during approximately 85 h of flying time between 17 July and 17 August 2006, above an area between 4° N and 18° N and 3° W and 4° E, encompassing ocean, mosaic forest, and the Sahel desert. High time resolution observations of counts at mass to charge (m/z) ratios of 42, 59, 69, 71, and 79 were used to calculate mixing ratios of acetonitrile, acetone, isoprene, the sum of methyl vinyl ketone and methacrolein, and benzene, respectively using laboratory-derived humidity-dependent calibration factors. Strong spatial associations between vegetation and isoprene and its oxidation products were observed in the boundary layer, consistent with biogenic emissions followed by rapid atmospheric oxidation. Acetonitrile, benzene, and acetone were all enhanced in airmasses which had been heavily influenced by biomass burning. Benzene and acetone were also elevated in airmasses with urban influence from cities such as Lagos, Cotonou, and Niamey. The observations provide evidence that both deep convection and mixing associated with fair-weather cumulus were responsible for vertical redistribution of VOCs emitted from the surface. Profiles over the ocean showed a depletion of acetone in the marine boundary layer, but no significant decrease for acetonitrile.

scholarly journals Vertical and horizontal variation of aerosol number size distribution in the boreal environment

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Riikka Väänänen ◽  
Radovan Krejci ◽  
Hanna E. Manninen ◽  
Antti Manninen ◽  
Janne Lampilahti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Planetary Boundary Layer ◽  
Particle Number ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Number Concentration ◽  
Field Station ◽  
Airborne Measurements ◽  
Number Size Distribution ◽  
Particle Number Size Distribution

Abstract. This study explores the vertical and horizontal variability of the particle number size distribution from two flight measurements campaigns over a boreal forest in Hyytiälä, Finland during May–June 2013 and March–April 2014, respectively. Our other aims were to study the spatial extent of new particle formation events and to compare the airborne observation with the ground measurements from the SMEAR II (Station for Measuring Ecosystem-Atmosphere Relations) field station located in Hyytiälä. The airborne measurements extended vertically 3.8 km and horizontally 30 km from the station. A Cessna 172 aircraft was used as a measurement platform. The measured parameters included the particle number concentration (> 3 nm) and particle number size distribution (10–400 nm). The airborne data used in this study were equal to 111 flight hours. The measurements showed that despite local fluctuations there was a good agreement between the on-ground and airborne measurements inside the planetary boundary layer. On median, the airborne total number concentration was found to be 10 % larger than at the ground level. The seasonal and meteorological differences between the campaigns were reflected in aerosol properties. NPF days showed areas of intensified NPF on a scale from kilometres up to couple of tens of kilometres in the planetary boundary layer. NPF was also observed frequently in the free troposphere.

scholarly journals Explaining global surface aerosol number concentrations in terms of primary emissions and particle formation

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 4775-4793 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. V. Spracklen ◽  
K. S. Carslaw ◽  
J. Merikanto ◽  
G. W. Mann ◽  
C. L. Reddington ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Sulfuric Acid ◽  
Particle Number ◽  
Marine Boundary Layer ◽  
Sulfuric Acid Concentration ◽  
Particle Formation ◽  
Anthropogenic Sources ◽  
Secondary Source ◽  
Primary Particles ◽  
Activation Type

Abstract. We synthesised observations of total particle number (CN) concentration from 36 sites around the world. We found that annual mean CN concentrations are typically 300–2000 cm−3 in the marine boundary layer and free troposphere (FT) and 1000–10 000 cm−3 in the continental boundary layer (BL). Many sites exhibit pronounced seasonality with summer time concentrations a factor of 2–10 greater than wintertime concentrations. We used these CN observations to evaluate primary and secondary sources of particle number in a global aerosol microphysics model. We found that emissions of primary particles can reasonably reproduce the spatial pattern of observed CN concentration (R2=0.46) but fail to explain the observed seasonal cycle (R2=0.1). The modeled CN concentration in the FT was biased low (normalised mean bias, NMB=−88%) unless a secondary source of particles was included, for example from binary homogeneous nucleation of sulfuric acid and water (NMB=−25%). Simulated CN concentrations in the continental BL were also biased low (NMB=−74%) unless the number emission of anthropogenic primary particles was increased or a mechanism that results in particle formation in the BL was included. We ran a number of simulations where we included an empirical BL nucleation mechanism either using the activation-type mechanism (nucleation rate, J, proportional to gas-phase sulfuric acid concentration to the power one) or kinetic-type mechanism (J proportional to sulfuric acid to the power two) with a range of nucleation coefficients. We found that the seasonal CN cycle observed at continental BL sites was better simulated by BL particle formation (R2=0.3) than by increasing the number emission from primary anthropogenic sources (R2=0.18). The nucleation constants that resulted in best overall match between model and observed CN concentrations were consistent with values derived in previous studies from detailed case studies at individual sites. In our model, kinetic and activation-type nucleation parameterizations gave similar agreement with observed monthly mean CN concentrations.

scholarly journals Measurements of volatile organic compounds over West Africa

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 5281-5294 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. G. Murphy ◽  
D. E. Oram ◽  
C. E. Reeves
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Volatile Organic Compounds ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Marine Boundary Layer ◽  
Deep Convection ◽  
Proton Transfer Reaction ◽  
Oxidation Products ◽  
High Time Resolution ◽  
Airborne Measurements ◽  
Volatile Organic

Abstract. In this paper we describe measurements of volatile organic compounds (VOC) made using a Proton Transfer Reaction Mass Spectrometer (PTR-MS) aboard the UK Facility for Atmospheric Airborne Measurements during the African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analyses (AMMA) campaign. Observations were made during approximately 85 h of flying time between 17 July and 17 August 2006, above an area between 4° N and 18° N and 3° W and 4° E, encompassing ocean, mosaic forest, and the Sahel desert. High time resolution observations of counts at mass to charge (m/z) ratios of 42, 59, 69, 71, and 79 were used to calculate mixing ratios of acetonitrile, acetone, isoprene, the sum of methyl vinyl ketone and methacrolein, and benzene respectively using laboratory-derived humidity-dependent calibration factors. Strong spatial associations between vegetation and isoprene and its oxidation products were observed in the boundary layer, consistent with biogenic emissions followed by rapid atmospheric oxidation. Acetonitrile, benzene, and acetone were all enhanced in airmasses which had been heavily influenced by biomass burning. Benzene and acetone were also elevated in airmasses with urban influence from cities such as Lagos, Cotonou, and Niamey. The observations provide evidence that both deep convection and mixing associated with fair-weather cumulus were responsible for vertical redistribution of VOC emitted from the surface. Profiles over the ocean showed a depletion of acetone in the marine boundary layer, but no significant decrease for acetonitrile.

scholarly journals Properties of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) in the trade wind marine boundary layer of the western North Atlantic

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 2675-2688 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas B. Kristensen ◽  
Thomas Müller ◽  
Konrad Kandler ◽  
Nathalie Benker ◽  
Markus Hartmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Long Range ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
Particle Number ◽  
Marine Boundary Layer ◽  
Mineral Dust ◽  
Cloud Condensation Nuclei ◽  
Sea Salt ◽  
Condensation Nuclei ◽  
Accumulation Mode

Abstract. Cloud optical properties in the trade winds over the eastern Caribbean Sea have been shown to be sensitive to cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) concentrations. The objective of the current study was to investigate the CCN properties in the marine boundary layer (MBL) in the tropical western North Atlantic, in order to assess the respective roles of inorganic sulfate, organic species, long-range transported mineral dust and sea-salt particles. Measurements were carried out in June–July 2013, on the east coast of Barbados, and included CCN number concentrations, particle number size distributions and offline analysis of sampled particulate matter (PM) and sampled accumulation mode particles for an investigation of composition and mixing state with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) in combination with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). During most of the campaign, significant mass concentrations of long-range transported mineral dust was present in the PM, and influence from local island sources can be ruled out. The CCN and particle number concentrations were similar to what can be expected in pristine marine environments. The hygroscopicity parameter κ was inferred, and values in the range 0.2–0.5 were found during most of the campaign, with similar values for the Aitken and the accumulation mode. The accumulation mode particles studied with TEM were dominated by non-refractory material, and concentrations of mineral dust, sea salt and soot were too small to influence the CCN properties. It is highly likely that the CCN were dominated by a mixture of sulfate species and organic compounds.

scholarly journals New evidence for atmospheric mercury transformations in the marine boundary layer

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ben Yu ◽  
Lin Yang ◽  
Linlin Wang ◽  
Hongwei Liu ◽  
Cailing Xiao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Marine Boundary Layer ◽  
Volume Effect ◽  
Atmospheric Mercury ◽  
Isotopic Signatures ◽  
Global Transport ◽  
New Evidence ◽  
Transformation Processes ◽  
Cl Atoms ◽  
Observation Results

Abstract. Marine boundary layer (MBL) is the largest transport place and reaction vessel of atmospheric mercury (Hg). The transformations of atmospheric Hg in MBL are crucial for the global transport and deposition of Hg. Herein, Hg isotopic signatures in total gaseous mercury (TGM) and particulate bound Hg (PBM) collected during three cruises to Chinese seas in summer and winter were measured to reveal the transformation processes of atmospheric Hg in the MBL. Unlike the observation results at inland sites, isotopic compositions in TGM from MBL were shaped not only by mixing continental emissions, but also largely by the oxidation of Hg0 primarily derived by Br atoms. Lower air temperature could promote the positive MIF in TGM in summer, while the relative processes might be weak in winter. In contrast, the positive Δ199Hg and high ratios of Δ199Hg / Δ201Hg in PBM indicated that alternative oxidants other than Br or Cl atoms played a major role in the formation of Hg(II) in PBM, likely following the nuclear volume effect. Our results suggested the importance of local Hg environmental behaviours caused by an abundance of highly reactive species, and provided new evidence for understanding the complicated transformations of atmospheric Hg in the MBL.

scholarly journals Properties of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) in the trade wind marine boundary layer of the Eastern Caribbean Sea

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (21) ◽  
pp. 30757-30791
Author(s):  
T. B. Kristensen ◽  
T. Müller ◽  
K. Kandler ◽  
N. Benker ◽  
M. Hartmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Long Range ◽  
Particle Number ◽  
Marine Boundary Layer ◽  
Mineral Dust ◽  
Cloud Condensation Nuclei ◽  
Caribbean Sea ◽  
Sea Salt ◽  
Accumulation Mode ◽  
Eastern Caribbean

Abstract. Cloud optical properties in the trade winds over the Eastern Caribbean Sea have been shown to be sensitive to cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) concentrations. The objective of the current study was to investigate the CCN properties in the marine boundary layer (MBL) in the Eastern Caribbean, in order to assess the respective roles of organic species, long-range transported mineral dust, and sea salt particles. Measurements were carried out in June–July 2013, on the East Coast of Barbados and included CCN number concentrations, particle number size distributions, as well as off-line analysis of sampled particulate matter (PM) and sampled accumulation mode particles for an investigation of composition and mixing state with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) in combination with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). During most of the campaign, significant mass concentrations of long-range transported mineral dust was present in the PM, and influence from local island sources can be ruled out. The CCN and particle number concentrations were similar to what can be expected in pristine marine environments. The hygroscopicity parameter κ was inferred, and values in the range 0.2–0.5 were found during most of the campaign, with similar values for the Aitken and the accumulation mode. The accumulation mode particles studied with TEM were dominated by non-refractory material, and concentrations of mineral dust, sea salt, and soot were too small to influence the CCN properties. It is highly likely that the CCN were dominated by a mixture of sulphate species and organic compounds.

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